پکیج رایگان گرامری سطح intermediate تا advanced

معمولا as و like كمى براى زبان اموزان گيج كننده است و اين دو كلمه را گاهى جا به جا به كار ميبرند؛ چون هر دوى انها براى مقايسه استفاده ميشوند. ولى بايد توجه كرد تفاوت هاى مهمى نيز با هم دارند.

?◼️as و like:
(براى مقايسه)

➡️as + adjective + as
➡️ as much as

اغلب از دو ساختار بالا استفاده ميكنيم وقتى ميخواهيم بگوييم چيزى همان كيفيت چيز ديگر را دارد يا ندارد. براى مثال:

?She loves burgers as much as I do.
?She’s not as tall as her brother.
?It’s not as expensive as the other cellphone.
?That cat is as big as this child!

⬅️همچنين از as ميتوانيد در عبارت “the same as” استفاده كنيد:

?Your dress is the same as mine.

?Texting is not the same as speaking in person.

➡️like + noun

در اين مقايسه پس از like اسم يا ضمير قرار ميگيرد تا بگوييم دو چيز به هم شبيه اند:

?He’s like a brother to me.
?He’s acting like a child.
?It’s like a sandwich but with big mushrooms instead of bread.
?There are lots of people like us.

⬅️همچنين براى مقايسه like را ميتوانيد با افعال حسى هم به كار ببريد:

?She looks like her sister.
?It sounds like a dog.
?Nothing tastes like homemade cheese.
?It smells like medicine.
?It feels like silk.

as if/as though + clause

ساختارهاى as if يا as though در مواقعى استفاده ميشوند كه ميخواهيم يك شرايط واقعى را با يك شرايط فرصى مقايسه كنيم:

?She looks as if she’s seen a ghost.

?We felt as if we were floating above the ground.

?They talk as though they’re never going to see each other again.

براى مثال اوردن ميتوانيد از ساختار such as يا like استفاده كنيد:

?You could try a team sport like volleyball, handball or football.

?You should take something soft, such as a towel, to lie on.

?◼️براى يك كار يا شغل

براى صحبت از شغل ميتوانيد از ساختار as+ noun استفاده كنيد.

?I worked as a shop assistant for five years.

?She used her coat as a blanket to keep warm.

به نقش as بعنوان متصل كننده دو عبارت (conjunction) ميپردازيم كه ميتواند معانى متفاوتى داشته باشد.

?◼️as to connect two phrases:

➡️as = ‘because’
(چون)

?All the tickets were sold out as they got there too late.

?As the road was closed, we had to park on the next street.

➡️as = ‘while’ or ‘during the time that’
(موقعى كه، در حاليكه)

?He called as I was getting out of the bath.

?As they were arriving, I was leaving.

➡️as = ‘in the way that’
(همانطور كه)

?As I expected, it started to rain.

?As you know, classes restart on 18 March.

?As I said, I think this project will be a challenge.

?به ياد داشته باشيد در رابطه با مورد اخر: در صحبت هاى غير رسمى و خودمانى، ميتوان از like هم استفاده كرد. براى مثال:

?Like I said, I didn’t know him.

تفاوت اصلى although, even though, in spite of و despite با هم اين است كه هر كدام در ساختارهاى متفاوت به كار ميروند.

?◼️in spite of / despite

پس از in spite of و despite ميتوانيم يك اسم، ضمير يا جراند(فعل+ing) به كار ببريم.

?We never made much money, in spite of our success.
?In spite of the pain in her knee, she completed the marathon.
?Despite having a stomachache, I had a great birthday.
?The train was cancelled. In spite of that, l arrived on time.

?توجه داشته باشيد كه استفاده از in spite of و despite همراه با عبارت the fact that بسيار رايج است. پس از ان ضمير و فعل به كار ميرود.

?In spite of the fact that we worked very hard, we didn’t pass the exam.
?Despite the fact that we worked very hard, we didn’t pass the exam.

پس از although و even though از فاعل و فعل استفاده ميكنيم. even though كمى قوى تر و موكدتر از although است.

?◼️Although/ even though:

?We enjoyed the course, although we would have liked more grammar practice.

?Although they saw each other every day, they didn’t really know each other.

?Even though he spoke very quietly, l understood every word.

?He didn’t get the job, even though he had all the necessary qualifications.

?◼️Though:

استفاده از though نيز مانند although است:

?Though sarah wasn’t keen on the film, she thought the music was beautiful.

همچنين though ميتواند در اخر عبارت دوم هم قرار بگيرد ولى مختص اسپيكينگ است:

?I waited ages for my food. The waiter was really nice, though.

Although, even though, in spite of و despiteAlthough, even though, in spite of و despite

just, yet, still و already

اين ساختارها را معمولا در زمان present perfect (حال كامل) به كار ميبريم چون مربوط به زمان حال است.

در اين قسمت روى معنى و كاربرد اين ساختارها در حال كامل تمركز ميكنيم:

?◼️just:

واژه just در ساختار حال كامل به معنى ‘a short time before’ (مدت زمان كمى قبل از) ميباشد.

?I’ve just seen Emma coming out of the cinema.

?Joe’s just called. Can you ring him back, please?

?Have you just taken my hat?!

واژه just بين افعال كمكى (have/has) و صورت سوم فعل به كار ميرود.

?◼️yet:

كلمه yet را با زمان حال كامل به معنى “هر موقع از الان به بعد ” به كار ميبريم. براى تأكيد به اينكه انتظار رخداد چيزى را داريم به كار ميرود. در اين نوع ساختار، اين كلمه فقط در جملات پرسشى و منفى به كار ميرود.

?Has she finished her homework yet?

?She hasn’t finished it yet. She’ll do it after dinner.

?A. Where’s Justin? B: He hasn’t arrived yet.

اين ساختار در جملات حال كامل معناى چيزى را ميدهد كه هنوز اتفاق نيوفتاده. از ان استفاده ميكنيم تا تاكيد كنيم انتظار داريم چيزى زودتر اتفاق بيوفتد.
در اين موقعيت (با حال كامل) فقط در جملات منفى استفاده ميشود.

?I’ve been waiting for an hour and the bus still hasn’t come.

?They promised me that report yesterday but they still haven’t finished it.

?She still hasn’t replied to my email. Maybe she’s on holiday.

?واژه still بين فاعل و فعل كمكى به كار ميرود.

?◼️Already:

واژه already به معناى قبلا است و براى توضيح اينكه چيزى قبلا اتفاق افتاده با حال كامل به كار ميرود.

?I’ve already spent my salary and it’s two weeks before payday.

?He wanted to see Sudden Risk but I’ve already seen it.

?The train’s left already!

دو گرامر Used to + infinitive و be/get used to + -ing در ظاهر شبيه به هم هستند ولى كاربردهاى بسيار متفاوتى دارند.

?◼️Used to:

از used to + infinitive استفاده ميكنيم براى صحبت از موقعيتى در گذشته كه ديگر درست نيست. درباره ى يك عمل يا موقعيتى است كه قبلا به صورت مكرر انجام ميشد اما الان تغيير كرده.

?He used to be a long-distance runner when he was younger.

?Sam didn’t use to sleep very well, but then he started doing yoga and it really helps.

?Did you use to come here as a child?

?◼️Be/get used to:

اين ساختار به معناى عادت كردن به چيزى ميباشد. ان را ميتوان مترادف’be familiar with’ يا ‘be accustomed to’ دانست.

?We’re used to the city now and don’t get lost any more.

?She wasn’t used to walking so much and her legs hurt after the hike.

?Emma is a teacher so she’s used to speaking in public.

از get used to براى پروسه ى عادت كردن به چيزى استفاده ميكنيم.

?They’re finding this new job hard but I’m sure they’ll get used to it soon.

?It took my sister years to get used to living in London after moving from Iran.

?We’re getting used to the noise now. We found it really stressful when we first moved in.

?پس از Be used to و get used to از اسم يا ضمير يا فعل با ing استفاده ميشود. اين ساختار براى زمان گذشته، حال و آينده قابل استفاده است.

?◼️صفات و قيد ها:

از so با قيد ها و صفت ها استفاده ميكنيم تا انها را قوى تر كنيم

?It’s so hot today!
?He looks so young in that photo.
?She walks so slowly. It’s so annoying!

?اگر صفات و قيدهاى comparative (مقايسه اى) را به كار برده ايم بايد از so much براى شدت دادن به ان استفاده كنيم:

?Sam and Sarah were so much more innocent when they were younger.
?we work so much more quickly when we can concentrate.

?◼️اسم ها:

با يك اسم يا صفت + اسم such به كار ميبريم تا ان را قوى تر كنيم:

?She’s such an angel!

?It’s such a cold day today!

?They’re such lovely shoes.

?Where did you buy them?

?اما توجه داشته باشيد وقتى از much, many, little و few با يك اسم استفاده ميكنيم، از so براى قوى تر كردن ان استفاده ميكنيم.

?There are so many people here!

?He has had so little time to himself this week.

از wish و if only براى صحبت از چيزهايى استفاده ميشود كه دوست داريم متفاوت باشد در زمان حال يا در زمان گذشته. If only معمولا كمى قوى تر از wish ميباشد.

?◼️در زمان گذشته:

از wish و if only + افعال گذشته استفاده ميكنيم براى چيزى در زمان حال كه دوست داريم متفاوت باشد.

?I wish she didn’t live so far away.

?If only I knew what to do.

?She wishes she could afford a holiday.

?◼️در زمان حال:

از wish و if only + افعال گذشته بعيد استفاده ميكنيم براى صحبت درباره چيزى در گذشته كه دوست داشتيم متفاوت باشد.

?We wish we hadn’t eaten so much chocolate. We’re feeling very sick now.

?If only they’d studied harder when they were at school.

?ميتوان wish + would(n’t) را براى نشان دادن اينكه از چيزى يا كسى كه كارى را انجام داده يا نداده رنجور شده ايم به كار برد. اغلب وقتى به كار ميبريم كه احساس ميكنيم انها نميخواهند تغيير كنند يا احتمال تغيير وجود ندارد.

?I wish she wouldn’t borrow my clothes without asking.

?I wish it would rain. The flowers really need some water.

?He wishes she’d work less. They never spend any time together.

حتما ميدانيد كه براى شروع جمله در زبان انگليسى از حروف بزرگ استفاده ميكنيم؛ اما قوانين مهم ديگرى هم وجود دارد كه براى برخى كلمات بايد حتما از حروف بزرگ استفاده كنيم مثل روزها، ماه ها، تعطيلات، نام ها و نام افراد، عناوین و نام نهاد ها كه در اين پست و پست هاى اينده به هركدام از انها خواهيم پرداخت.

?◼️روزها و ماه ها:

براى نوشتن روزها، ماه ها، تعطيلات و فستيوال ها از حروف بزرگ استفاده ميكنيم ولى نه فصل ها.

?Her birthday party is on Wednesday.
?Schools are closed at Christmas.
?It rains a lot in October and November, but the summer is very dry.

?◼️نام افراد و مكان ها:

نام افراد و مكان ها ( كه شامل خيابان ها، گياهان، قاره ها و كشور ها هم ميشود) را با حروف بزرگ شروع ميكنيم.

?Joey Antony has lived on Park Street in Manchester for 10 years.
?The Earth is the third planet from the Sun.
?Turkey is in both Europe and Asia.

?كلماتى كه از نام مكان ها مى ايند ( مثلا زبان ها، مليت ها يا صفاتى كه اشاره به چيزها و افراد يك كشور، ناحيه، يا شهر دارند) با حروف بزرگ شروع ميشوند. همچنين اسم ها و صفت هايى كه از نام مذهب ها مى ايند را هم با حروف بزرگ مينويسيم.

?Some Canadians speak French.
?Londoners eat a lot of Indian food.
?Most Muslims fast during the day for Ramadan.

نام ارگان ها و معمولا كلمات مهم در تايتل كتابها و فيلم ها با حرف بزرگ شروع ميشوند. وقتى لقب شغلى كسى قبل از اسم او قرار ميگيرد هر دو كلمه را (هم لقب شغل هم اسم) با حرف بزرگ شروع كنيد.
اما اگر لقب شغلى با فاصله از اسم او در جمله باشد، فقط اسم او را با حرف بزرگ شروع كنيد.

?Hassan Rouhani, the president of Iran, is visiting President Alvi tomorrow.

?The chief executive officer lives in Los Angeles.

?We are reading War and Peace with Ms Kermani, our teacher.

از آپستروف براى نشان دادن مخفف ها و مالكيت استفاده ميشود.

?◼️Contractions (مخفف ها):

از آپستروف استفاده ميكنيم براى نشان دادن جاهايى در مخفف ها كه حروف را حذف كرده ايم. مثل:

?It’s raining. (It’s = It is)

?Don’t worry, it won’t rain. (Don’t = Do not; won’t = will not)

?She can’t drive because she’s broken her leg. (can’t = cannot; she’s = she has)

?I’d like a coffee, please. (I’d = I would)

?You’ll be fine. (You’ll = You will)

?توجه كنيد كه it’s و its با هم تفاوت دارند. It’s مخفف it is يا it has است و Its مالكيت را نشان ميدهد.

?The dog is chasing its tail.

?Are you sure it’s OK for me to ring you so early?

?It’s rained a lot this week.

?◼️Possession (مالكيت):

☑️براى مالكيت ها از آپستروف با حرف s پس از يك اسم (معمولا انسان ها يا حيوانات) استفاده ميكنيم كه نشان دهيم اسم متعلق به كسى يا چيزى هست.

?My dog’s favourite toy is a small, pink ball.

?Anna’s parents live in London.

?Italy’s economy is growing.

مفرد يا جمع:

☑️ما از s’ براى مالك مفرد استفاده ميكنيم:

?Marie’s mother is going to Hong Kong.

☑️همچنين از s’ براى مالكانى استفاده ميكنيم كه يك اسم جمع هستند كه به s ختم نميشوند.

?The People’s Republic of China
My cousin writes children’s books.

☑️وقتى يك اسم جمع به s ختم ميشود آپستروف را پس از s قرار ميدهيم. (‘s).

?This is a picture of my parents’ house.

?Our friend’s new car is red. She just got it yesterday.

?Our friends’ new car is red. They just got it yesterday.

?When a singular noun ends in s, we generally use ‘s.

?James’s brother-in-law is German.
He has a collection of Dickens’s novels.

☑️جملات شرطى نتيجه ى يك موقعيت بخصوص را بيان ميكنند. اين جملات از دو كلاز تشكيل شده اند. ١- if clause كه موقعيت شرطى را نشان ميدهد (If you study hard) و ٢- main clause كه نتيجه را نشان ميدهد (If you study hard).

?If you study hard, you will pass your exams.
?You will pass your exams if you study hard.

جملات شرطى انواع مختلفى دارد كه اصلى ترين انها را بررسى خواهيم كرد.

?◼️Zero conditional:

از كانديشينال نوع صفر وقتى استفاده ميكنيم كه ميخواهيم درباره چيزهايى صحبت كنيم كه به طور كلى صحيح هستند. مخصوصا قوانين و قواعد.

?If I drink too much coffee, I can’t sleep at night.
?Ice melts if you heat it.
?When the sun goes down, it gets dark.

ساختار كلى اين نوع جملات:

✅if/when + present simple >> present simple.

?◼️First conditional:

?If it doesn’t rain tomorrow, we’ll go to the beach.
?Arsenal will be top of the league if they win.
?When I finish work, I’ll call you.

ساختار نوع اول جملات شرطى معمولا به اين صورت است:

✅if/when + present simple >> will + infinitive

?همچنين در اين نوع جملات به جاى if ميتوان از unless, as long as, as soon as يا in case instead of if استفاده كرد.

?I’ll leave as soon as the babysitter arrives.
?I don’t want to stay in London unless I get a well-paid job.
?I’ll give you a key in case I’m not at home.
?You can go to the party, as long as you’re back by midnight.

?◼️Second conditional:

اين نوع جملات براى تصور چيزى از زمان حال يا اينده به كار ميروند كه غير ممكن است يا احتمال خيلى كمى براى رخ دادن ان وجود دارد.

?If you had a garden, you could have a dog.

?If we won a lot of money, we’d buy a big house in the country.

?I wouldn’t worry if I were you.

ساختار اين جملات معمولا به اين صورت است:

✅if + past simple >> + would + infinitive.

?وقتى if با فعل توبى بيايد از لحاظ گرامرى صحيح است كه بگوييم:
if I were, if he were, if she were and if it were.
هر چند استفاده از was هم رايج است. به خصوص براى he/ she.

?If I were you, I wouldn’t mention it.

?If he was prime minister, he would invest more money in schools.

?She would travel more if she was younger.

?◼️Third conditional:

اين نوع جملات شرطى براى تصور يك گذشته ى متفاوت استفاده ميشوند. ما يك تغيير در شرايطى از گذشته را تصور ميكنيم كه يك نتيجه متفاوت از ان تغيير را ميدهد.

?If we had understood the instructions properly, we would have passed the exam.
?I wouldn’t have got lost if my phone hadn’t run out of battery.

در جملات نوع سوم معمولا ساختار جملات به اين صورت است:

✅If + past perfect >> would have + past participle.

?◼️Mixed conditionals

وقتى از جملات شرطى تركيبى استفاده ميكنيم كه تغييرى در گذشته را تصور ميكنيم با نتيجه اى در زمان حال، يا تغييرى در حال با نتيجه اى در گذشته. مهم ترين انها اين دو نوع ميباشند:

1️⃣ Past/Present:

در اين جملات تصور ميشود چطور تغييرى در زمان گذشته نتيجه اى در زمان حال ميداد. براى مثال:

?If I hadn’t got the job in China, I wouldn’t be with my current partner.

ساختار:

✅If + past perfect >> would + infinitive.

2️⃣ Present/Past:

در اين نوع جملات تصور ميشود چطور موقعيتى متفاوت در زمان حال تفاوتى در گذشته را هم شامل ميشد. براى مثال:

?It’s really important. If it wasn’t, I wouldn’t have called them on their holiday.

ساختار:

✅If + past simple >> would have + past participle.

?◼️ميتوانيم از گرامر future continuous (will/won’t be + -ing form) استفاده كنيم تا درباره چيزهايى در اينده حرف بزنيم كه:

1️⃣در حال انجام خواهند بود در زمان مشخصى در اينده:

?When you come out of school tomorrow, I’ll be boarding a plane.

?Try to call before 8 o’clock. After that, we’ll be watching the match.

?You can visit us during the first week of July. I won’t be working then.

2️⃣ميبينيم جديد، متفاوت و موقت هستند:

?Today we’re taking the bus but next week we’ll be taking the train.

?He’ll be staying with his parents for several months while his father is in recovery.

?Will you be starting work earlier with your new job?

?◼️Future perfect:

از اين گرامر وقتى استفاده ميكنيم كه ميخواهيم درباره چيزى صحبت كنيم كه تا زمان مشخصى از اينده انجام خواهد شد.

?The guests are coming at 11 p.m.

?I’ll have finished baking the cake by then.

?On 12 December we’ll have been married for 30 years.

?Will you have gone to bed when I get back?

?از عباراتى مانند by يا by the time (تا)
و يا عباراتى مانند:
in or in a day’s time / in two months’ time / in five years’ time
(تا اخرِ اين بازه زمانى)
استفاده ميكنيم تا زمانى را براى اتمام كار بگوييم.

?We won’t have written all the reports by next week.

?By the time we arrive, the kids will have gone to bed.

?I’ll have finished in two hours and then we can watch a film.

?In five years’ time, I’ll have graduated from university.

?◼️will

از will براى برنامه هايى استفاده ميكنيم كه فورى در همان لحظه ى صحبت برنامه ريزى كرده ايم:

?Oops, I forgot to phone Dad! I’ll do it after lunch.

?I can’t decide what to wear tonight. I know! I’ll wear my blue dress.

?There’s no bread. I’ll buy some when I go to the shops.

?◼️going to

از going to زمانى استفاده ميكنيم كه درباره برنامه اى قبل از صحبت الان برنامه ريزى كرده ايم.

?I’m going to phone dad after lunch. I told her I’d call at 8 o’clock.

?I’m going to wear my blue dress tonight.

?We’re going to go to the supermarket after work. What do you need?

?◼️Present continuous

از ساختار present continuous وقتى استفاده ميكنيم كه قرارى را از قبل تنظيم كرده ايم- معمولا با حداقل يك نفر ديگر، و زمان و مكان ان را هم ميدانيم.

?I’m meeting Sue at 8 o’clock on Thursday.

?We’re having a party next Sunday. Would you like to come?

?اغلب از ساختار present continuous براى پرسيدن درباره برنامه هاى اينده بقيه استفاده ميكنيم.

?Are you doing anything interesting next weekend?

?◼️must

از must زمانى استفاده ميكنيم كه مطمئن هستيم چيزى درست است يا تنها گزينه اى هست كه امكان واقعى بودن ان وجود دارد.

?This must be his house. I can see his car in the garage.

?She must live near here because she always walks to work.

?Come inside and get warm. You must be freezing out there!

?◼️might, may, could

از might, may يا could استفاده ميكنيم تا نشان دهيم چيزى ممكن است ولى درباره ان مطمئن نيستيم.

?He’s not here yet. He might be stuck in traffic.

?She’s not answering. She could be in class.

?We regret to inform you that some services may be delayed due to the bad weather.

?همه ى انها معانى يكسانى دارند اما may كمى رسمى تر از might و could است.

?◼️can’t

از can’t زمانى استفاده ميكنيم كه مطمئن هستيم چيزى نميتواند اتفاق بيوفتد و ممكن نيست.

?It can’t be far now. I’ve been driving for hours.

?He can’t know about the complaint. He’s promoted her to team leader.

?It can’t be easy for her, looking after three kids on her own.

?توجه داشته باشيد پس از همه ى افعال مدال، فعل بايد ساده به كار رود (infinitive without to).

?◼️must have:

از must have + past participle (شكل سوم فعل)
استفاده ميكنيم وقتى احساس ميكنيم درباره چيزى كه اتفاق افتاده مطمئنيم.

?Who told the newspapers about the prime minister’s plans? It must have been someone close to her.

?The thief must have had a key. The door was locked and nothing was broken.

?Oh, good! We’ve got soda. Sia must have bought some yesterday.

 

?◼️might have / may have:

ميتوانيم از might have يا may have + past participle استفاده كنيم وقتى فكر ميكنيم ممكن است چيزى اتفاق افتاده باشد.

?I think we might have left the air conditioning on. Please can you check?

?Police think the suspect may have left the country using a fake passport.

?عبارت May have كمى رسمى تر از might have است. Could have هم در اين مفهوم صحيح است اما رايج نيست.

 

?◼️can’t have / couldn’t have:

? از can’t have و couldn’t have + past participle استفاده ميكنيم وقتى فكر ميكنيم امكان ندارد چيزى اتفاق بيرفتد.

?He can’t have driven there. His car keys are still here.

?I thought I saw Emily this morning but it couldn’t have been her – she’s in Paris this week.

?◼️Permission (اجازه)

✅can

از can براى درخواست و اجازه دادن استفاده ميكنيم:

?Can I stand here?
?You can use my bike if you like.
?Can I make a suggestion?

✅could

از could هم براى درخواست و كسب اجازه استفاده ميكنيم (ولى نه اجازه دادن). Could رسمى تر و مودبانه تر است.

?Could I ask you something?
?Could I interrupt?
?Could I borrow your bag for a moment, please?

✅may

رسمى ترين راه اجازه گرفتن و اجازه دادن استفاده از may هست.

?May I see your passport, please?
?Customers may request a refund within a period of 10 days.
?These pages may be photocopied for classroom use.

?◼️Comparing

✅از صفات تفضيلى براى مقايسه بين دو چيز ميتوان استفاده كرد. براى مثال:

?Sam is taller than sara.
?You’re more patient than I am.
?Her first book is less interesting than her second.

✅ميتوانيم از as … as با صفات استفاده كنيم تا بگوييم دو چيز مشابه هستند. يا از not as … as استفاده كنيم براى انكه بگوييم دو چيز مشابه نيستند و يكى كمتر از ديگريست.

?His hair is as long as mine.
?It’s not as windy as yesterday.

✅همچنين ميتوان اين عبارات را به كار برد:

different from, similar to و the same as.

?England is different from the United Kingdom.
?His bike is similar to mine.
?The results from the first test are the same as the results from the second.

◼️نشان دادن تفاوت هاى زياد:

✅ميتوانيم از much, so much, a lot, even يا far با صفات تفضيلى استفاده كنيم.

?Sales in November were a lot higher than sales in September.

?She was far less experienced than the other applicant.

✅همچنين ميتوان عبارت nowhere near را با as … as به كار برد.

?The interview was nowhere near as difficult as the written exam.

✅ميتوانيم از very, really, completely يا totally با different from استفاده كنيم.

?Although we are twins, we’re completely different from each other.

?◼️براى نشان دادن تفاوت هاى كوچك:

✅ميتوانيم از slightly, a little, a bit, a little bit يا not much با صفات تفضيلى (تر) استفاده كنيم.

?The number of registrations has been slightly higher than we expected.
?Houses in my city are not much more expensive than flats.

✅همچنين ميتوانيم از almost, nearly, not quite, roughly, more or less يا about با as … as و the same as استفاده كنيم.

?She’s almost as old as I am.
?The figures for July are more or less the same as the figures for August.

✅ميتوان very يا really را با similar to به كار برد.

?My son looks really similar to my brother when he was that age.

?◼️براى نشان دادن اينكه هيچ تفاوتى با هم ندارند

✅ميتوانيم از عبارت exactly the same as يا just as … as براى تاكيد روى اينكه نسبت به هم متفاوت نيستند استفاده كنيم.

?My mother’s cakes still taste exactly the same as when I was a child!

?A new bike can be just as expensive as a new phone these days.

?In my view, being honest is just as important as being trustworthy.

1️⃣present participle (going, reading, seeing, walking, etc.)

2️⃣past participles (gone, read, seen, walked, etc.)

3️⃣perfect participles (having gone, having read, having seen, having walked, etc.).

از كلازهاى participle زمانى ميتوان استفاده كرد كه فاعلِ participle و فاعل فعل اصلى ، فاعل يكسانى باشند. براى مثال:

?Waiting for Ellie, I made some tea. (While I was waiting for Ellie, I made some tea.)

?توجه داشته باشيد participleها زمان خاصى ندارند و زمان انها وقتى مشخص ميشود كه در جمله و در كنار فعل اصلى جمله باشند. در واقع زمان انها را فعل اصلى جمله مشخص ميكند.

اين كلازها عمدتا در متون نوشتارى استفاده ميشوند مثل روزنامه ها و مجلات، اشعار و نوشته هاى آكادميك.

??Present participle clauses:

رايج ترين استفاده ها از اين ساختار را به صورت دسته بندى شده مشاهده ميكنيد.
توجه داشته باشيد Present participleها همان معناى افعال معلوم را ميدهند.

✅براى بيان نتيجه ى يك چيز:

?The bomb exploded, destroying the building.

✅براى بيان علت يك چيز:

?Knowing she loved reading, Edward bought her a book.

✅براى صحبت از چيزى كه همزمان با چيز ديگرى اتفاق افتاده:

?Standing in the queue, we realised we didn’t have any money.

✅براى اضافه كردن اطلاعات به فاعل كلاز اصلى:

?Starting in the new year, the new policy bans cars in the city centre.

?◼️Past participle clauses

راه هاى رايج استفاده از past participle را در جملات زير مشاهده ميكنيد. توجه كنيد اين جملات بيشتر معناى مجهول دارند:

✅ميتوانند معناى جملات شرطى را داشته باشند:

?Used in this way, participles can make your writing more concise. (If you use participles in this way, … )

✅براى بيان دليل چيزى:

?Worried by the news, she called the hospital.

✅براى اضافه كردن اطلاعات درباره ى فاعلِ كلاز اصلى:

?Filled with pride, he walked towards the stage.

?◼️Perfect participle clauses

كلازهاى Perfect participle نشان ميدهند عملى را كه توصيف ميكنند قبل از عمل كلاز اصلى پايان يافته است.
ساختار Perfect participle ميتواند به هم به صورت معلوم و هم مجهول باشد.

?Having got dressed, she slowly went downstairs.

?Having finished their training, they will be fully qualified doctors.

?Having been made redundant, he started looking for a new job.

?◼️Participle clauses after
conjunctions and prepositions

در participle ها (به خصوص participleهايى كه به ing ختم ميشوند) بسيار رايج است كه بعد از حروف اضافه و حروف ربط قرار گيرند مثل:before, after, instead of, on, since, when, while and in spite of.

?Before cooking, we should wash our hands.

?Instead of complaining about it, you should try doing something positive.

?On arriving at the hotel, she went to get changed.

?While packing his things, he thought about the last two years.

?In spite of having read the instructions twice, I still couldn’t understand how to use it.

[private]

[private?◼️General ability

معمولا از could يا couldn’t براى صحبت از توانايى هاى كلى در زمان گذشته استفاده ميكنيم.

?He could paint before he started school.
?You couldn’t cook until you went to university.
?When we lived next to the pool, we could go swimming every day.

?◼️Ability on one occasion – successful

وقتى درباره به دست اوردن چيزى در يك موقعيت خاص در گذشته صحبت ميكنيم از was/were able to (توانايى اش را داشت تا) و managed to (در انجام كارى سخت موفق شد) استفاده ميكنيم.

?The burglar was able to get in through the kitchen window.
?The burglar managed to get in through the kitchen window even though it was locked.

?توجه كنيد استفاده از could زمانى كه درباره توانايى در يك لحظه ى خاصى در گذشته صحبت ميكنيم صحيح نيست.

?◼️Ability on one occasion – unsuccessful

وقتى درباره يك موقعيت خاص در گذشته كه كسى توانايى انجامش را نداشته صحبت ميكنيم ميتوان از wasn’t/weren’t able to،
didn’t manage to يا couldn’t استفاده كرد.

?The professor wasn’t able to attend the conference due to illness.
?He couldn’t watch the match because he was working.
?We worked on it for months but we didn’t manage to find a solution.

?◼️Used to + infinitive

?We used to live in London when I was a kid.

?There didn’t use to be a Library there. When did it open?

?Did you use to have a garden?

✅ميتوان از used to براى عاداتى استفاده كرد كه در گذشته داشتيم (به طور مكرر تكرار ميشد) و الان ديگر نداريم.

?I used to go skating every Monday when I was at school.

?He used to smoke but he gave up a few years ago.

✅used to

ما از used to + infinitive استفاده ميكنيم وقتى درباره عادتى در گذشته صحبت ميكنيم كه ديگر نيست. درباره ى عمل هاى مكرر در زمان گذشته ميگويد كه الان تغيير كرده اند.

?He used to be a long-distance runner when he was younger.

?We didn’t use to sleep very well, but then we started doing yoga and it really helps.

?Did you use to come here as a child?

✅be used to و get used to

اين عبارات به معناى “خو گرفته با/ عادت كرده به” ميباشد.

?He’s used to the city now and doesn’t get lost any more.

?She wasn’t used to walking so much and her legs hurt after the hike.

?You’re a teacher so you’re used to speaking in public.

?همچنين از get used to براى صحبت از پروسه ى عادت به چيزى استفاده ميكنيم.

?You’re finding this new job hard but I’m sure you’ll get used to it soon.

?It took my uncle years to get used to living in London after moving from Turkey.

?I’m getting used to the noise now. I found it really stressful when I first moved in.

?◼️Would

از would براى كارهاى مكرر گذشته استفاده ميشود كه ديگر انفاق نمى افتند.

?Every Monday I would go on a long bike ride.

?My grandmother would read me amazing stories every night at bedtime.

?استفاده از would براى عادات گذشته رسمى تر از used to است. اغلب در داستان ها استفاده ميشود

?معمولا از صورت سوالى و منفى would براى عادات گذشته استفاده نميكنيم.

?به ياد داشته باشيد نميتوانيم از would براى بيان اوضاع گذشته صحبت كنيم.

?◼️Past simple

هميشه ميتوانيم از ساختار گذشته ساده به جاى used to و would استفاده كنيم. تفاوت گذشته ساده با ديگر ساختارها اين است كه گذشته ساده روى تكرار مكرر چيزى يا روى پروسه تاكيد نميكند. همچنين اين ساختار بطور دقيق بيان نميكند كه اين پروسه يا عادت ديگر در زمان حال صدق نميكند.

?I went to the same beach every summer.
?I used to go to the same beach every summer.
?I would go to the same beach every summer.

?اگر چيزى فقط يكبار اتفاق افتاده باشد از گذشتا ساده استفاده ميكنيم.

?I went to Paris in 2010.

?◼️Time up to a point in the past
(براى بيان زمانى تا يك نقطه از گذشته)

از گذشته كامل (had + past participle) زمانى استفاده ميكنيم كه ميخواهيم درباره چيزى كه تا زمان مشخصى در گذشته رخ داده صحبت كنيم.

?He had published his first poem by the time he was ten.

?I’d finished all the water before I was halfway up the mountain.

?Had the parcel arrived when you called yesterday?

وقتى دو عمل هر دو در گذشته رخ داده و يكى قبل از ديگرى رخ داده، براى عمل اول (قبل تر) از گذشته كامل استفاده ميكنيم و براى عمل بعد تر از گذشته ساده.

?When the police arrived, the thief had escaped.

مهم نيست كه اين دو كلاز را با چه ترتيبى به كار ببريم. براى مثال جمله زير هم همان معنا را دارد:

?The thief had escaped when the police arrived.

توجه كنيد كه اگر فقط يك اتفاق افتاده باشد از گذشته كامل استفاده نميكنيم هر چند گذشته خيلى دور اتفاق افتاده باشد.

?The Romans spoke Latin. (NOT The Romans had spoken Latin.)

◼️Past perfect with before

ميتوانيم از كلمه ى before قبل از گذشته كامل استفاده كنيم نشان دهيم عملى كه با گذشته كامل گفته ايم انجام نشده يا ناتمام مانده نگامى كه عملى كه با گذشته ساده به كار برده ايم رخ داده.

?They left before I’d spoken to them.
?Sadly, the author died before he’d finished the series.

?◼️Adverbs

معمولا با گذشته كامل از قيدهاى زير استفاده ميكنيم:

☑️ already (= ‘before the specified time’),
☑️still (= as previously),
☑️just (= ‘a very short time before the specified time’),
☑️ever (= ‘at any time before the specified time’)
☑️never (= ‘at no time before the specified time’)

?I called his office but he’d already left.
?It still hadn’t rained at the beginning of May.
?I went to visit her when she’d just moved to Berlin.
?It was the most beautiful photo I’d ever seen.
?Had you ever visited London when you moved there?
?I’d never met anyone from California before I met Jim.

[/private]

[private]

?◼️Used to + infinitive

?We used to live in London when I was a kid.

?There didn’t use to be a Library there. When did it open?

?Did you use to have a garden?

✅ميتوان از used to براى عاداتى استفاده كرد كه در گذشته داشتيم (به طور مكرر تكرار ميشد) و الان ديگر نداريم.

?I used to go skating every Monday when I was at school.

?He used to smoke but he gave up a few years ago.

?توجه كنيد گرامر used to + infinitive را نبايد با be/get used to + -ing قاطى كنيد.

✅used to

ما از used to + infinitive استفاده ميكنيم وقتى درباره عادتى در گذشته صحبت ميكنيم كه ديگر نيست. درباره ى عمل هاى مكرر در زمان گذشته ميگويد كه الان تغيير كرده اند.

?He used to be a long-distance runner when he was younger.

?We didn’t use to sleep very well, but then we started doing yoga and it really helps.

?Did you use to come here as a child?

✅be used to و get used to

اين عبارات به معناى “خو گرفته با/ عادت كرده به” ميباشد.

?He’s used to the city now and doesn’t get lost any more.

?She wasn’t used to walking so much and her legs hurt after the hike.

?You’re a teacher so you’re used to speaking in public.

?همچنين از get used to براى صحبت از پروسه ى عادت به چيزى استفاده ميكنيم.

?You’re finding this new job hard but I’m sure you’ll get used to it soon.

?It took my uncle years to get used to living in London after moving from Turkey.

?I’m getting used to the noise now. I found it really stressful when I first moved in.

?پس از Be used to و get used to ميتواند اسم، ضمير، يا فعل با ing قرار گيرد. Be used to و get used to ميتوانند در زمان گذشته يا حال يا آينده استفاده شوند.

?◼️Would

از would براى كارهاى مكرر گذشته استفاده ميشود كه ديگر انفاق نمى افتند.

?Every Monday I would go on a long bike ride.

?My grandmother would read me amazing stories every night at bedtime.

?استفاده از would براى عادات گذشته رسمى تر از used to است. اغلب در داستان ها استفاده ميشود

?معمولا از صورت سوالى و منفى would براى عادات گذشته استفاده نميكنيم.

?به ياد داشته باشيد نميتوانيم از would براى بيان اوضاع گذشته صحبت كنيم.

?◼️Past simple

هميشه ميتوانيم از ساختار گذشته ساده به جاى used to و would استفاده كنيم. تفاوت گذشته ساده با ديگر ساختارها اين است كه گذشته ساده روى تكرار مكرر چيزى يا روى پروسه تاكيد نميكند. همچنين اين ساختار بطور دقيق بيان نميكند كه اين پروسه يا عادت ديگر در زمان حال صدق نميكند.

?I went to the same beach every summer.
?I used to go to the same beach every summer.
?I would go to the same beach every summer.

?اگر چيزى فقط يكبار اتفاق افتاده باشد از گذشتا ساده استفاده ميكنيم.

?I went to Paris in 2010.

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[private]

?have a dream/nightmare
(خواب/كابوس ديدن)

?I had a nightmare last night.

?have an experience
(تجربه داشتن)

?I had a frightening experience the other day.

?have a feeling
(حسى داشتن)

?I have a feeling that something is wrong.

?have fun / a good time
(خوش گذراندن)

?I’m sure you’ll have fun on the school trip.

?have a look
(بررسى كردن/ نگاهى انداختن)

?The manager wanted to have a look at what we were doing.

?have a party
(جشن گرفتن)

?Let’s have a party at the end of term.

?have a problem / problems
(مشكل/ مشكلات داشتن)

?Ask the teacher if you have problems with the exercise.

?have a try/go
(امتحان كردن)

?I’ll explain what to do and then you can have a go/try.

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[private] از حال كامل ميتوان براى صحبت از انچه در زمان ناتمامى انجام داده ايم استفاده كرد. براى اين ساختار ميتوان از قيد هاى زير استفاده كرد:

today, this week, this year, so far, until now, before, …. .

?They’ve been on holiday three times this year.

?We haven’t had a lot of positive feedback so far.

?I’m sure we’ve seen that film before.

?همچنين براى صحبت از تجربه هاى زندگى ميتوان از گرامر حال كامل استفاده كرد چرا كه زندگى هنوز يك پروسه ى ناتمام است.
معمولا در اين گرامر از never در جملات منفى و از ever در جملات سوالى استفاده ميكنيم.

?I’ve worked for four different companies.

?He’s never won a medal.

?Have you ever been to Canada?

?همچنين از ساختار حال كامل ميتوان براى صحبت از وضعيتى نا تمام استفاده كرد. خصوصا با كلمات for, since و how long.

?He’s wanted to be a police officer since he was a child.

?I haven’t known her for very long.

?How long have you had that phone?

اگر بگوييم چه وقت در گذشته اتفاقى افتاده، يا حس كنيم ان قسمت از زندگيمان ديگر پايان يافته از گذشته ساده استفاده ميكنيم:

?I visited Russia for the first time in 1999.

?she went to three different primary schools.
?Before he retired, he worked in several different countries.

?همچنين از گذشته ساده براى صحبت از اوضاع تمام شده ى گذشته استفاده ميكنيم:

?We knew all our neighbours when we were children.

?I didn’t like apples for a really long time. Now I love them!

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[private] ?از حال كامل ميتوانيم براى صحبت از عملى در گذشته استفاده كنيم كه در زمان حال تأثير دارد:

?she’s broken her leg so she can’t go on holiday.

?There’s been an accident on the main road, so let’s take a different route.

?They haven’t called me, so I don’t think they need me today.

?به ياد داشته باشيد همانطور كه در پست قبل هم گفته شد، وقتى بگوييم چه زمانى اين اتفاق افتاده از گرامر گذشته ساده (simple past) استفاده ميكنيم:

?She broke her leg last week so she can’t go on holiday.

اگرچه اغلب با گرامر حال كامل از اين كلمات استفاده ميكنيم:just, recently, already, yet و still.

?I’ve recently started going to the gym.

?He’s already finished season one and now he’s watching season two.

?Have you checked your emails yet?

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[private] ✅ما معمولا با ساختار present perfect از for, since و how long استفاده ميكنيم براى صحبت از اوضاع ادامه دار (از گذشته تا حالا ادامه دارد و ممكن است در اينده هم ادامه داشته باشد)

?+How long have you known each other?
-We’ve known each other since we were at school.

✅معمولا از for, since و how long with با present perfect continuous
براى صحبت از كار ادامه دارى كه از گذشته تا حالا انجام ميشود (و ممكن است ادامه يابد) يا كارهاى تكرار شونده استفاده ميكنيم:

?+How long have they been playing tennis? -They’ve been playing tennis for an hour. They’ve been playing tennis every Sunday for years.

✅بعضى اوقات براى تاكيد روى دائمى بودن كارى از present perfect continuous استفاده ميكنيم.

?I usually go to the gym on the High Street, but it’s closed for repairs at the moment so I’ve been going to the one in the shopping centre.

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[private]

ميتوانيم question tagها را به جملات اضافه كنيم تا جملات را سوالى كنيم. اين سوالات بيشتر در اسپيكينگ رايج هستند.

اغلب از انها وقتى استفاده ميكنيم كه از شنونده انتظار داريم با ما موافق باشد.
در اين موقعيت ها وقتى جمله مثبت است سوال را منفى بايد بپرسيم و وقتى جمله منفى است سوال را مثبت ميپرسيم:

?He’s a doctor, isn’t he?
?Yesterday was so much fun, wasn’t it?

?He isn’t here, is he?
?The trains are never on time, are they?
?Nobody has called for me, have they?

?اگر مطمئن باشيم يا تقريبا مطمئن باشيم كه شنونده جمله ما را تاييد ميكند اهنگ صداى خود را در اخر سوال به صورت كاهشى بيان ميكنيم و اگر از موافقت او كمتر مطمئن باشيم با اهنگ صداى افزايشى سوال را ميپرسيم.

?◼️اگر فعل كمكى (auxiliary verb) در جمله وجود داشته باشد از ان براى ساخت question tag استفاده ميكنيم.

?I don’t need to finish this today, do I?

?Amanda is working on that, isn’t she?

?Your parents have retired, haven’t they?

?The phone didn’t ring, did it?

?It was snowing that day, wasn’t it?

?Your sister hadn’t met him before, had she?

?◼️ولى گاهى در جمله از قبل فعل كمكى وجود ندارد. در اين صورت اگر:

1️⃣… اگر فعل جمله گذشته ساده يا حال ساده باشد و جمله مثبت باشد ازdon’t, doesn’t يا didn’t استفاده ميكنيم:

?Sarah eats cheese, doesn’t she?

?I said that already, didn’t I?

2️⃣… اگر فعل در جمله يك فعل توبى زمان گذشته يا حال باشد. در اين صورت از فعل توبى براى ساخت ان استفاده ميكنيم:

?The bus stop’s over there, isn’t it?

?None of those customers were happy, were they?

3️⃣… اگر فعل جمله يك فعل مدال باشد از همان فعل مدال براى ساخت question tag استفاده ميكنيم:

?They could hear me, couldn’t they?

?You won’t tell anyone, will you?

4️⃣اگر فعل اصلى يا كمكى در جمله am باشد براى question tag مثبت ان:
am I?
صحيح است اما براى
منفى ان معمولا ?aren’t I به كار ميبريم:

?I’m never on time, am I?

?I’m going to get an email with the details, aren’t I?

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[private] ميتوانيم از by + ضمير انعكاسى استفاده كنيم تا معناى تنها بدهد. مثلا خودم تنها، خودت تنها…

?She usually goes on holiday by herself.

?Do you enjoy being by yourself?

(Reciprocal pronouns)

به تفاوت بين ضماير انعكاسى جمع و ضماير متقابل (each other, one another)توجه كنيد.

?They’re buying themselves a new television.

?They’re buying each other small gifts.

?We looked at ourselves in the mirror.

?We looked at each other in surprise.

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[private] از ضماير انعكاسى براى تاكيد صحبت استفاده ميكنيم وقتى متفاوت است و نرمال نيست.

?He wants to pass his driving test so that he can drive himself to work.

?She broke her arm, so she couldn’t wash herself very easily.

?از ضماير انعكاسى استفاده ميكنيم براى تاكيد اينكه ان شخص كارى را انجام داده نه كس ديگرى:

?The door was definitely locked. I locked it myself.

?Are you redecorating your flat yourselves?

?ميتوان ضماير انعكاسى را با اسمش به كار برد تا تاكيد بيشترى روى اسم شود:

?We talked to the manager herself, and she agreed to give us our money back.

?Parents themselves need to take more responsibility for

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[private] ☑️معمولا وقتى از انها استفاده ميكنيم كه فاعل و مفعول جمله يكى باشد.

?I cut myself when I was making dinner last night.

?I hope you enjoy yourselves at the party tonight!

?My phone isn’t working properly. It turns itself off for no reason.

?We need to believe in ourselves more.

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[private] جمله واره هاى موصولى يا همان relative clauseها اطلاعات ضرورى به ما ميدهند؛ اينكه ما درباره چه كسى يا چه چيزى داريم صحبت ميكنيم.

?The man who lives next door works in a bank.

?These are the flights that have been cancelled.

?ميتوان از يك ضمير موضولى يا قيد براى شروع جمله واره هاى موصولى استفاده كرد: who, which, that, when, where or whose.

?◼️who/that

ميتوان از who يا that براى صحبت از مردم استقاده كرد. that كمى رايج تر و غير رسمى تر است.

?She’s the woman who cuts my hair.

?He’s the man that I met at the conference.

?◼️which/that

از which يا that براى صحبت از چيزها استفاده ميكنيم.

?There was a one-year guarantee which came with the TV.
?The laptop that I bought last week has started making a strange noise!

?◼️Other pronouns

✅ميتوان با when به يك زمان اشاره كرد

?Summer is the season when I’m happiest.

✅ميتوان با where به يك مكان اشاره كرد.

?That’s the stadium where Real Madrid play.

✅از whose ميتوان براى مالكيت استفاده كرد.

?He’s a musician whose albums have sold millions.

نوع ديگرى از اين جمله واره ها وجود دارد بنام Non-defining relative clauses كه به كار بردن انها در جمله ضرورى نيست و فقط اطلاعات اضافه درباره ان شخص يا چيز ميدهند.

?My grandfather, who’s 87, goes swimming every day.
?The house, which was built in 1883, has just been opened to the public.
?The award was given to Sara, whose short story impressed the judges.

?اين جمله واره ها هم با ضماير موصولى و يا قيد شروع ميشوند مثل who, which, whose, when or where (ولى نه that)
همچنين براى انكه جمله واره را از بقيه جمله جدا كنيم از كاما استفاده كنيم.

?◼️who, which and whose

در كلازهاى non-defining relative هم از who, which و whose استفاده ميكنيم. Which براى صحبت از چيزها، who براى صحبت از اشخاص و whose براى صحبت از مالكيتى كه كسى يا چيزى دارد.

براى مثال:

?Yesterday I met my new boss, who was very nice.

?The house, which is very big, is also very cold!

?My next-door neighbour, whose children go to school with ours, has just bought a new car.

?After the port there is a row of fisherman’s houses, whose lights can be seen from across the bay.

?◻️Places and times

ميتوان از which با حروف اضافه استفاده كرد براى صحبت از مكان ها و زمان ها.
در اين موارد رايج تر است كه از when و where به جاى which و حرف اضافه استفاده كنيم.

?City Park, which we used to go to, has been closed down.

?City Park, where we used to go, has been closed down.

?December, which Christmas is celebrated in, is a summer month for the southern hemisphere.

?December, when Christmas is celebrated, is a summer month for the southern hemisphere.

?اگرچه وقتى از which بدون حرف اضافه استفاده ميكنيم نميتوانيم به جاى ان where يا when را به كار ببريم.

?Centre Park, which we love, is always really busy on Saturdays.

?February, which is my favourite month, lasts 29 days this year.

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[private] همانطور كه ميدانيد Reported speech (نقل قول) زمانى به كار ميرود كه به كسى ميگوييم كه شخص ديگرى چه گفته است. در اين حالت ميتوانيم از دو نوع نقل قول مستقيم يا نقل قول غير مستقيم استفاده كنيم.

?direct speech: ‘I work in a bank,’ said Daniel.

?indirect speech: Daniel said that he worked in a bank.

?در نقل قول غير مستقيم (indirect) اغلب از زمان گرامرى قبل تر از زمان گذشته استفاده ميكنيم.
يعنى اگر گوينده در صحبت خود از ”work” استفاده كرده باشد در نقل قول غير مستقيم اين واژه “worked” ميشود.
اين “عقبگرد زمانى” ناميده ميشود.

همچنين در نقل قول غيرمستقيم ممكن است نياز باشد ديگر اجزاى جمله را هم تغيير دهيم مانند ضماير.

?◼️Present simple, present continuous and present perfect:

وقتى عقبگرد زمانى داريم: , present simple تبديل ميشود به past simple present continuous تبديل ميشود به past continuous و present perfect تبديل به past perfect ميشود.يعنى:

present simple ➡️ past simple,

present continuous ➡️ past continuous

present perfect ➡️ past perfect

براى مثال:

?’I travel a lot in my job.’
• Jamila said that she travelled a lot in her job.

?’The baby’s sleeping!’
• He told me the baby was sleeping.

?’I’ve hurt my leg.’
• She said she’d hurt her leg.

?◼️Past simple and past continuous

وقتى براى زمان هاى: گذشته ساده و گذشته استمرارى عقبگرد زمانى داريم معمولا گذشته ساده به گذشته كامل ساده و گذشته استمرارى به گذشته كامل استمرارى تبديل ميشود.

past simple ➡️ past perfect simple

past continuous ➡️ past perfect continuous.

?’We lived in China for five years.’
• She told me they’d lived in China for five years.

?’It was raining all day.’
• He told me it had been raining all day.

?◼️Past perfect

زمان گذشته كامل عوض نميشود.

?’I’d tried everything without success, but this new medicine is great.’
• He said he’d tried everything without success, but the new medicine was great.

☑️نقل قول سوالى زمانى مورد استفاده قرار ميگيرد كه به كسى ميگوييم كه شخص ديگرى چه سوالى را پرسيده است. در اين صورت ميتوان از دو نوع نقل قول استفاده كرد:
نقل قول مستقيم (direct speech) يا نقل قول غير مستقيم (indirect speech).

?direct speech: ‘Do you like working in sales?’ he asked.

?indirect speech: He asked me if I liked working in sales.

در نقل قول هاى غير مستقيم ميتوان ساختار سوال را تغيير داد. مثلا عبارت (e.g. Do you like) را به (e.g. I like) تبديل كرد.

?همچنين اغلب تغييراتى در زمان افعال و عبارات ايجاد ميكنيم درست مانند نقل قول هاى جملات كه در پست هاى قبل انها را بررسى كرديم. مثلا:

have done → had done,
today → that day.

?◼️Yes/no questions

(اين نوع سوالات سوالاتى هستند كه پاسخ بله/ خير دارند)

براى نقل قول كردن yes/no questionها از whether و if استفاده ميكنيم. If رايج تر است.

?’Are you going to the Helsinki conference?’
• She asked me if I was going to the Helsinki conference.

?’Have you finished the project yet?’
• He asked us whether we’d finished the project yet.

?◼️Questions with a question word

در سوالاتى كه كلمات سوالى what, where, why, who, when or how را دارند، از همان كلمه سوالى براى نقل قول سوال استفاده ميكنيم.

?’What time does the train leave?’
• She asked me what time the train left.

?’Where did he go?’
• He asked where he went.

?◼️Reporting verbs (افعال نقل قول)

رايج ترين فعل نقل قول ask ميباشد, ولى ميتوان همچنين از افعالى مانند enquire، want to know يا wonder هم استفاده كرد.

?’Did you bring your passports?’
• He wanted to know if they’d brought their passports.

?’When could you get this done by?’
• She wondered when we could get it done by.

?◼️Offers(پيشنهادها), requests(درخواست ها) and suggestions(نظرات)

اگر سوال پيشنهادى يا درخواستى باشد از يك الگوى فعلى خاص ميتوانيم استفاده كنيم. براى مثال:

offer + infinitive,
ask + infinitive يا
suggest + ing.

?’Would you like me to help you?’
• She offered to help me.

?’Can you hold this for me, please?’
• He asked me to hold it.

?’Why don’t we check with Joel?’
• She suggested checking with Joel.

✅وقتى به كسى راجع به صحبت شخص ديگرى ميگوييم معمولا از افعال ask و tell استفاده ميكنيم. به اين افعال ‘reporting verbs’ گفته ميشود.

هر چند، از ديگر افعال نقل قول هم ميتوان استفاده كرد. بسيارى از اين افعال ميتوانند پس از فعل ديگرى قرار گيرند و به صورت infinitive يا -ing باشد:

1️⃣Reporting verb + infinitive
Verbs مانند:

advise, agree, challenge, claim, decide, demand, encourage, invite, offer, persuade, promise, refuse, remind

?’Let’s see. I’ll have the risotto, please.’
• He decided to have the risotto.

?’I’ll do the report by Friday, for sure.’
• She promised to do the report by Friday.

?’It’s not a good idea to write your passwords down.’
• They advised us not to write our passwords down.

?همچنين از infinitive ميتوان براى گزارش جملات امرى استفاده كرد. با افعال نقل قولى مانند: tell, order, instruct, direct يا warn.

?’Please wait for me in reception.’
• The guide told us to wait for her in reception.

?’Don’t go in there!’
• The police officer warned us not to go in there.

2️⃣Reporting verb + -ing form

افعالى مانند: admit, apologise for, complain about, deny, insist on, mention و suggest با الگوى -ing دنبال ميشوند.

?’I broke the window.’
• She admitted breaking the window.

?’I’m really sorry I didn’t get back to you sooner.’
• He apologised for not getting back to me sooner.

?’Let’s take a break.’
• She suggested taking a break.

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[private] ✔️افعال حالتى بيشتر وضعيت و حالت را نشان ميدهند نه عملكرد را. انها معمولا در زمان حال استمرارى استفاده نميشوند.

?I don’t know the answer. I’m not knowing the answer.
?She really likes you. She’s really liking you.
?He seems happy at the moment. He’s seeming happy at the moment.

?◼️افعال حالتى اغلب مرتبط هستند با:

1️⃣• افكار و عقايد:

agree, believe, doubt, guess, imagine, know, mean, recognise, remember, suspect, think, understand

2️⃣• احساسات و عواطف:

dislike, hate, like, love, prefer, want, wish

3️⃣• حس ها و ادراك:

appear, be, feel, hear, look, see, seem, smell, taste

4️⃣• مالكيت و اندازه گيرى ها:

belong, have, measure, own, possess, weigh.

[/private]

[private] ميتوانيم از افعال مدال (مثل will, might, may يا could) و قيدها (مثل probably و definitely) براى انكه نشان دهيم چقدر مطمئنيم استفاده كنيم:

✅زمانى كه خيلى مطمئنيم:

?People will definitely work from home more in the future.
?Robots definitely won’t replace all human jobs.

✅مطمئنيم:

?Donna will really enjoy this film. You won’t regret it.

✅تقريبا مطمئنيم:

?We’ll probably finish the project by tomorrow.
?He probably won’t have enough time.

✅مطمئن نيستيم

?I might go to the party, but I’m not sure yet.
?He hasn’t studied much, so he might not pass the exam.

[/private]

[private] وقتى يك فعل قسمتى از يك جمله ى بزرگ تر است اغلب با يك حرف اضافه به كار ميرود.

?I agree with Joey.
?He listens to the radio a lot.
?She thanked us for the flowers.

براى اين مبحث دنبال هيچ قانون گرامرى نباشيد چون قانونى وجود ندارد كه بر حسب ان تصميم بگيريد كدام حرف اضافه را با كدام فعل به كار ببريد., پس بهتر است انها را با هم باد بگيريد.
برخى از افعال معروف و حروف اضافه ى انها را در اين درس و درس بعد بررسى ميكنيم.

✅افعالى كه با حرف اضافه for به كار ميروند:

?We are waiting for a bus.
?She apologised for being late.
?He applied for the job but he didn’t get it.
?How do you ask for a coffee in French?
?I can’t go out tonight because I have to prepare for my interview tomorrow.

✅افعالى كه با حرف اضافه from به كار ميروند:

?This spray should protect me from mosquitoes.
?Has she recovered from the accident yet?
?He won an award because he saved someone from drowning.
?I suffer from allergies.

✅افعالى كه با حرف اضافه in به كار ميروند:

?You don’t believe in coincidences.
?Our company specialises in computer software.
?We have to work hard if we want to succeed in life.

در ادامه ى بررسى حروف اضافه با افعال، امروز به افعالى كه با حروف اضافه ى of, on, to و with به كار ميروند ميپردازيم.

✅افعال با of

?I don’t approve of hunting animals for their fur.
?Our cat died of old age.
?This shampoo smells of orange.

✅افعال با on

?His decision will depend on the test results.
?The film is based on the novel by Anthony Earnshaw.
?If they make so much noise, I can’t concentrate on my work.
?Come on! We’re relying on you!
?Sara and I don’t agree on anything but we’re still good friends.

✅افعال با to

?What kind of music do they like listening to?
?Can I introduce you to my mother?
?Please refer to the notes at the end for more information.
?Nobody responded to my complaint.
?He apologised to me the next day.

✅افعال با with

?I agree with everything you’ve said.
?My assistant will provide you with more information if you need it.
?We’re finding it difficult to deal with the stress.

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این بخش خصوصی می باشد. برای دسترسی کامل به دروس این دوره باید این دوره را خریداری نمایید.

این بخش خصوصی می باشد. برای دسترسی کامل به دروس این دوره باید این دوره را خریداری نمایید.

این بخش خصوصی می باشد. برای دسترسی کامل به دروس این دوره باید این دوره را خریداری نمایید.

[private]

1️⃣will
2️⃣Might
3️⃣going to
4️⃣Be likely to

در اين درس will و might را بررسى ميكنيم و در درس هاى اينده دو مورد بعد را.

1️⃣will:
2️⃣might:

✴️براى will و might, ساختار جمله به اين صورت است:

subject + will / might + infinitive.

✴️ميتوانيد مخفف will را به صورت ‘ll در جملات مثبت به كار ببريد – معمولا از اين مخفف در صحبت كردن استفاده ميكنيم و براى رايتينگ هاى رسمى مناسب نيست.

?The new smartphone will have all sorts of special features.

?We’ll be connected 24/7 when everywhere has free wifi.

?I’ve ordered a new phone for the office. It might arrive today.

?This video call will not last long – we only have one thing to discuss.

?We won’t see much change in keyboard layouts for the next few years.

?There might not be any announcements about the new technology room today – don’t count on it!

✴️ميتوانيم از صورت مخفف منفى won’t براى همه اشخاص استفاده كنيم (I, you, he, she, و غيره).

✴️گاهى مخفف might not را به صورت mightn’t, به كار ميبريم خصوصا در اسپيكينگ.

?توجه داشته باشيد will و might افعال مدال هستند، پس از infinitive بدون to استفاده ميكنيم.

WRONG:
❌ People will to go on holiday to the moon within 50 years.
❌ They might to make a computer that is really small.

CORRECT:
✅ People will go on holiday to the moon within 50 years.
✅ They might make a computer that is really small.

3️⃣going to
4️⃣Be likely to

در اين درس going to و be likely to را بررسى ميكنيم.

✴️ براى going to و likely to, ساختار جمله اين گونه است:

subject + am/are/is + going to/likely to + infinitive.

مثال ها:

?They’re going to announce a new line of laptops soon.

?The line is going to come out in September. It’s going to be all over the news.

?It’s likely to be a major advance in computing technology.

?Some people say technology isn’t going to change our lives that much.

?We arent going to see the smartring any time soon.

?The new smartwatches are unlikely to be a big revolution in technology.

➡️it’s auxiliary (Will/Am/Is/Are) + subject + verb.

معمولا جواب كوتاه براى انها استفاده ميكنيم.

?Will this new smartphone change my life? No, it won’t.

?Are they going to announce the software release today? Yes, they are.

?Is it likely to be any better than the previous version? No, it isn’t.

✴️همچنين ميتوانيم با كلمات سوالى، سوال را بسازيم:

?When will they sort out the computers at work?

?Who will win the tech race?

?Where are they going to release the new phone first?

✴️ميتوانيم با ساختار زير سوال بپرسيم:

➡️Might + subject + infinitive,

✴️ولى براى might بيشتر رايج است كه اين گونه سوال بپرسيم:

➡️Do you think + subject + might + infinitive.

?Do you think this might change computing as we know it?

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[private]

ما از كلمات و عباراتى مانند though, although و even though براى متصل كردن دو جمله واره (clause) به يكديگر استفاده ميكنيم. انها را linking words of contrast ميناميم.

✴️از despite و in spite of قبل از اسم ها و مصدرهاى با ing يا همان (gerund) استفاده ميشود .

-Anna broke her leg two years ago.
-Anna ran a marathon last weekend.
?Despite breaking her leg two years ago, Anna ran a marathon last weekend.

-John loves football.
-John has never been to a professional football match.
?Though John loves football, he’s never seen a professional match.

✴️كلمات رابط Although, even though و though قبل از يك كلاز قرار ميگيرند. انها در ابتدا يا وسط جمله به كار ميروند.

?Although Laura worked hard, she failed her exams.
?Laura failed her exams, although she worked hard.

?Though it was cold, Jim only wore a t-shirt.
?Jim only wore a t-shirt, though it was cold.

✴️كلمات رابطDespite و in spite of قبل از كلازها يا مصدرهاى با ing قرار ميگيرند. انها هم در ابتدا يا وسط جمله استفاده ميشوند.

?Despite smoking 50 cigarettes a day, my uncle lived to 100.
?My uncle lived to 100, despite smoking 50 cigarettes a day.

?In spite of the terrible weather, we had a nice holiday.
?We had a nice holiday, in spite of the terrible weather.

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[private] از اين ساختار زمانى استفاده ميشود كه ميخواهيم بگوييم چرا كارى را انجام ميدهيم.

?We’re watching this video to get better at speaking English.

(داريم اين ويديو را نگاه ميكنيم تا در صحبت انگليسى بهتر شويم)

✴️ميتوانيم از ساختار for + somebody استفاده كنيم براى انكه توضيح دهيم ما به نمايندگى از شخص ديگرى كارى را انجام ميدهيم:

?I make these videos for you to get better at English.

(من اين ويديو را براى تو درست ميكنم تا تو در انگليسى بهتر شوى)

✴️در انگليسى رسمى تر از in order to يا so as to to براى بيان هدف استفاده ميكنيم:

?The government has raised taxes in order to fund the NHS.

(دولت برای تأمین بودجه NHS مالیات را افزایش داده است.)

?People have taken to the streets so as to protest against the increase in taxes.

(مردم برای اعتراض به افزایش مالیات به خیابانها آمده اند.)

✴️ميتوانيم ‘not’ را به اين ساختارها اضافه كنيم تا انها را منفى كنيم.
– so as not to و in order not to:

?He paid the fine in order not to go to prison.

(او جریمه را پرداخت کرد تا به زندان نرود.)

?I’ve worked really hard all my life so as not to be poor.

(من تمام زندگی ام خیلی سخت کار کرده ام تا فقیر نباشم.)

✴️ميتوانيم از infinitive of purpose پس از يك اسم، ضمير يا ضمير موصولىtoاستفاده كنيم تا نشان دهيم براى چه به ان نياز داريم يا قصد داريم با ان چه كار كنيم:

?I want a house to live in.

(من خانه اى ميخواهم تا در ان زندگى كنم)

?Do you have any more food to cook?

(غذاى بيشترى دارى كه بپزى؟)

?Do you have anything to eat?

(چيزى دارى كه بخورى؟)

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