پکیج رایگان لغات و کالوکیشن ها

?parents and siblings (brothers and sisters) are your immediate family,
and your extended family includes all your relatives – uncles, cousins, great-aunts, etc.

✅ siblings

( خواهر و برادر ها)

✅ immediate family

(خوانواده اى كه فقط از پدر و مادر و خواهربرادرها تشكيل شده است)

✅ extended family

(خانواده اى كه شامل خويشاوندان ميشود)

?You can use a family tree to diagram the relationships among your family members. A person who is related to you by a long series of connections can be called a distant relative.

✅ family tree

(شجره نامه)

✅ family members

(اعضاى خانواده)

✅ distant relative

(فاميل دور)

?If you’re lucky, you have a loving family or a close-knit family – these expressions refer to a family that has good relationships, where everyone loves each other and helps each other. If you were raised in a loving family, then you probably had a carefree childhood – that means you had nothing to worry about when you were young.

✅loving family or a close-knit family

(خانواده صميمى)

✅carefree childhood

(دوران كودكى بى دغدغه)

? On the other hand, a family in which the relationships are bad or unhealthy can be called a dysfunctional family. If the children experience abuse, poverty, or problems with the law, we can say they had a troubled childhood.

✅dysfunctional family

(خانواده ى بهم ريخته، آشفته)

✅troubled childhood

(دوران كودكى پر اضطراب)

?If it was a mutual divorce/separation – that means the ex-husband and ex-wife agreed to separate without fighting – then they will probably stay on good terms with each other (meaning to have a polite relationship without conflicts).

✅mutual divorce/separation

(طلاق توافقى)

✅on good terms with each other

(در روابط خوب با يكديگر)

? If a woman gets pregnant without being married or in a relationship, then she will become a single mother. Some women in this situation choose to have an abortion, and others prefer to give the baby up for adoption.

✅get pregnant

(باردار شدن)

✅single mother

(مادر تنها)

✅have an abortion

(سقط جنين كردن)

✅give the baby up for adoption

(كودك را به فرزند خواندگى گذاشتن)

?Perhaps the parents went through a bitter divorce – that means a separation in which there were bad/angry feelings between the husband and wife. It’s also possible to have a messy divorce, with a prolonged legal battle involving lots of conflicts about the separation of the former couple’s assets (money and possessions). The decisions about the separation of assets are made in the divorce settlement. A family in which there are divorces or separations is sometimes called a broken home.

✅bitter divorce
(طلاق تلخ)

✅ messy divorce
(طلاق پیچیده [با فرآیندی بسیار طولانی]، طلاق پرتنش)

✅divorce settlement
(توافق طلاق)

✅broken home
(خانواده از هم پاشيده)

?Sometimes the mother and father fight over custody of the children – that refers to who has the primary responsibility of caring for the kids. A judge can grant joint custody – that means the ex-husband and ex-wife share the responsibility – or sole custody to only one parent. For example, a judge might award sole custody to the mother, and the father has to pay child support – regular payments to help with expenses for the kids.

✅custody of the children
(حضانت كودكان)

✅grant joint custody
(حضانت مشترك به والدين دادن)

✅sole custody
(حضانت تك نفره)

✅award sole custody
(حضانت تک‌نفره اعطا کردن (به یکی از والدین) )

✅pay child support
(نفقه فرزند)

?After the woman has the baby (or gives birth to the baby), the baby is given to the adoptive parents, who will raise the child or bring up the child as if it was their own. Sometimes, when the adopted child is older, he or she tries to find their birth mother (biological mother).

✅has the baby or gives birth
(بچه به دنيا اوردن)

✅adoptive parents
(پدرخوانده يا مادر خوانده)

✅raise the child or bring up the child
(بزرگ كردن بچه)

✅adopted child
(فرزند خوانده)

✅birth mother
(مادر تنى)

?When you move to a new city, it can be hard to make friends. You’ll probably have a number of casual acquaintances – people who you know on a basic level, but with whom you don’t have a significant relationship. Over time, some of these may become good friends or close friends – these collocations refer to friends with whom you have an especially strong relationship.

✅make friends

(دوست پيدا كردن)

✅casual acquaintances

(اشنايان سطحى)

✅good friends or close friends

(دوستان صميمى)

? Do you believe in love at first sight? That’s when two people meet each other and immediately fall in love.Some people believe that their significant other (their boyfriend, girlfriend, husband, or wife) is their soul mate – this is a poetic expression that means that two people are destined to be together.

✅love at first sight(عشق در نگاه اول)

✅fall in love

(عاشق شدن)

✅significant other

(شريك عشقى)

✅soul mate

(يار جانى، نيمه گمشده)

?It’s possible for one person to have feelings for another person – this expression is an indirect way to describe romantic feelings – but if the other person doesn’t feel the same way, then the feeling is not mutual. The other person might say “he’s/she’s just not my type” – meaning that they are interested in people of a different type of personality/appearance. Ah, there’s nothing sadder than unrequited love! (Love that is not returned)

✅have feelings for

(حس داشتن به كسى)

✅the feeling is not mutual

(احساس دو طرفه نيست)

✅unrequited love

(عشق یکطرفه)

?Some people marry their childhood sweetheart or high school/college sweetheart – this expression refers to a boyfriend or girlfriend from your childhood, teenage, or college years. Other couples are introduced by a mutual friend – one friend that the two people have in common. When the couple is ready to make a commitment, the man proposes to the woman – he asks her to marry him. If the marriage is good, then we say the couple is happily married.

✅childhood sweetheart or high school/college sweetheart

(عشق دوران كودكى يا دبيرستان)

✅mutual friend

(دوست مشترك)

✅make a commitment

(تعهد دادن به هم)

✅propose to the woman

(پيشنهاد ازدواج كردن به زن)

✅happily married

(ازدواج موفق)

?Some people marry their childhood sweetheart or high school/college sweetheart – this expression refers to a boyfriend or girlfriend from your childhood, teenage, or college years. Other couples are introduced by a mutual friend – one friend that the two people have in common. When the couple is ready to make a commitment, the man proposes to the woman – he asks her to marry him. If the marriage is good, then we say the couple is happily married.

✅childhood sweetheart or high school/college sweetheart

(عشق دوران كودكى يا دبيرستان)

? Eventually, he returned to his hometown, where he held a lavish wedding with his childhood sweetheart.

سرانجام او به زادگاهش بازگشت، جايى كه عروسى باشكوهى با عشق دوران كودكى اش برگزار كرد.

✅mutual friend
(دوست مشترك)

?I heard through a mutual friend that my ex-husband is expecting a baby and is extremely happy about it.

از يك دوست مشترك شنيدم كه شوهر قبلى ام منتظر بچه است و از اين بابت بسيار خوشحال است.

✅make a commitment
(تعهد دادن به هم)

?I don’t think I’m ready to make a commitment.

فكر نميكنم كه اماده ى تعهد دادن باشم.

✅propose to the woman
(پيشنهاد ازدواج كردن به زن)

?John proposed to sara last night and she accepted him.

جان ديشب به سارا پيشنهاد داد و سارا قبول كرد.

✅happily married
(ازدواج موفق)

?We wish them both a long and happy marriage.

براى هردوى انها يك ازدواج موفق و طولانى را ارزومنديم.

?My best friend Joanna is absolutely gorgeous (extremely beautiful). She has long, sleek, jet-black hair (sleek = smooth and straight, jet-black = perfectly black), pale blue eyes (pale = light color), and a radiant complexion (skin that appears healthy and full of energy).

✅absolutely gorgeous

(خيلى زيبا)

✅sleek, jet-black hair

(موهاى مشكى براق)

✅pale blue eyes

(چشم هاى ابى روشن)

✅a radiant complexion

(يك چهره درخشان)

? People always compliment her on her hourglass figure (when a woman has large breasts and hips, but a small waist) and ask her what the secret is to maintaining such a slender waist (a thin waist). She has a round face with an upturned nose, and she actually bears a striking resemblance (looks extremely similar) to a famous singer.

✅hourglass figure

(اندام ساعت شنى)

✅slender waist

(كمر باريك)

✅round face

(صورت گرد)

✅upturned nose

(بينى سربالا)

✅bears a striking resemblance

(شباهت قابل توجهى داشتن به كسى)

?He has a square face and a ruddy complexion (reddish skin). His deep-set eyes (eyes that are far back in the person’s face) are almost hidden under his bushy eyebrows (big eyebrows with lots of hair), and he sports a thick mustache and a huge, shaggy beard (a beard with lots of hair). I guess Joanna doesn’t mind his facial hair (facial hair = beard and/or mustache).

✅square face

(صورت مربعى)

✅ruddy complexion

(رنگ چهره قرمز)

✅deep-set eyes

(چشم هاى گود رفته)

✅bushy eyebrows

(ابرو هاى پرپشت)

✅shaggy beard

(ريش پرپشت)

✅facial hair

(موى صورت-ريش و سبيل)

?His body isn’t bad – he has an athletic build (body with a lot of muscles), with broad shoulders (wide shoulders) and muscular arms. If he would only trim his beard (cut his beard a little shorter) and comb his hair, I suppose he could be considered somewhat attractive (more or less beautiful/handsome).

✅athletic build

(بدن ورزشكارى)

✅broad shoulders

(شانه هاى پهن)

✅muscular arms

(بازوهاى عضلانى)

✅trim his beard

(ريشش را بزند)

✅somewhat attractive

(نسبتاً جذاب)

?Joanna could get any guy she wanted – so I was really surprised when she introduced me to her latest boyfriend, who I think is hideously ugly. He has curly, shoulder–length hair that looks rather unkempt (unkempt hair = messy hair, it appears that the person doesn’t take care of their hair).

✅hideously ugly
(فوق العاده زشت)

✅curly, shoulder-length hair
(موى فر تا شونه)

✅unkempt hair
(موى ژوليده)

?When I was a teenager, I was painfully shy (extremely shy). I loved reading books, and I had a vivid imagination (had a creative and colorful imagination). My best friend had a more outgoing personality (she liked to be friendly and sociable) and a good sense of humor (ability to make other people laugh). Unfortunately she was also brutally honest, and sometimes her comments hurt my feelings (made me sad, upset, or angry).

✅painfully shy

(به شدت خجالتی)

✅vivid imagination

(تخیل خلاق)

✅outgoing personality

( شخصيت خوش برخورد و اجتماعى)

✅sense of humor

( حس شوخ طبعى)

✅hurt my feelings

(مرا ناراحت يا عصبانى ميكند)

?Although I was fiercely loyal to her, she showed her true colors (revealed her true personality) when she played a prank (did a trick) that humiliated me in front of the class. I bore a grudge (continued feeling angry) against her for years afterwards. Now that I look back on it, I can see that she had low self-esteem (she considered herself inferior) and a bit of a mean streak (a “streak” is a tiny bit of someone’s personality).

✅fiercely loyal

(شديداً وفادار)

✅showed her true colors

(شخصيت واقعى خود را نشان داد)

✅played a prank

(حيله و كلك زدن)

✅bear a grudge

(همچنان خشمگين شدن)

✅low self-esteem

(عزت نفس پايين)

✅a mean streak

(رگه ى بدجنسى)

? I’ve come out of my shell (become less shy) since those days; I have a thicker skin (I’m less sensitive to criticism) and it doesn’t bother me when people speak their minds (say exactly what they think, without considering the effects of the words on others).

✅come out of my shell

(از لاك خود بيرون امدن)

✅ a thick skin

(بى احساس پوست كلفت)

✅speak one’s mind

(رك حرف زدن، حرف دل)

? My biggest flaw is that I have a tendency to be arrogant – some say I have a superiority complex (consider myself superior to others). I’ll admit that it is hard for me to swallow my pride (stop being arrogant) and recognize when I’ve been mistaken about something. My resolution for the New Year is to make a more concerted effort to put others first (consider the needs of other people more important than my own).

✅have a tendency

(تمايل و زمينه چيزى را داشتن)

✅superiority complex

(خود برتر بينى)

✅swallow my pride

(بر غرور خود چيره شدن)

✅put others first

(ديگران را به خود ارجحيت دادن)

?I experienced a roller coaster of emotions when my son was born (many different emotions one after another). During my wife’s pregnancy, I was ridiculously excited about the prospect of becoming a dad. On the big day, I’d imagined that everything would go smoothly and we’d be blissfully happy – but there were complications during the delivery and my wife had to have emergency surgery while I waited in the reception area, worried sick (very worried).

✅a roller coaster of emotions

(احساسات ضد و نقيض)

✅ridiculously excited

(شديدا هيجان زده)

✅blissfully happy

(شديدا خوشحال)

✅worried sick

(خيلى نگران)

?As time went by, I got increasingly anxious because the doctors weren’t telling me anything. After two hours I was seething with anger (ready to explode with anger), and I and shouted at one of the nurses. Then the security guards came and escorted me out of the hospital.

✅increasingly anxious (شديدا دلواپس)

✅seething with anger (از عصبانيت خون به جوش امدن)

?My wife was visibly disappointed (it was obvious that she was disappointed) that I wasn’t by her side when she woke up from surgery. She didn’t say anything – she’s not really one to show her feelings; she prefers to bottle up her emotions (keep her emotions hidden inside her) – but I knew I had let her down and I was terribly sorry that I had lost my temper (lost control and shown anger).

✅visibly disappointed

(به وضوح نااميد شده)

✅show her feelings

(احساسات را بروز دادن)

✅bottle up her emotions

(احساسات را درون خود ريختن)

✅terribly sorry

(شديداً متأسف)

✅lost my temper

(كنترل خود را از دست دادن و عصبانى شدن)

?The months that followed were tough. My wife became deeply depressed, and I too was an emotional wreck (a person who is very sad, confused, and upset) as I tried to juggle the demands of work and family life. But now things are starting to turn around – I’ve been pleasantly surprised at the all help we’ve gotten from our friends and neighbors.

✅deeply depressed

(عميقاً غمگين و افسرده)

✅emotional wreck

(فردى كه خيلى ناراحت، مغشوش و غمگين است)

✅pleasantly surprised

(به طور خوشایندی متعجب)

?I recently spent a month on vacation – but instead of staying in a hotel, I looked for a short-term rental (a place to live that can be rented for a short period of time). I ended up sharing a two-bedroom apartment – that’s an apartment with two bedrooms, a living room, and a kitchen – with some friends. It was actually cheaper than renting a studio apartment (an apartment with only one big room) all by myself.

✅short-term rental
(اجاره كوتاه مدت)

✅two-bedroom apartment
(اپارتمان دو خوابه)

✅studio apartment
(اپارتمان يك خوابه-يك اتاق بزرگ-)

?The apartment was on the top floor of a five-story building (that’s a building with five floors) and it had a balcony overlooking the ocean (that means you can see the ocean from the balcony).

✅five-story building
(ساختمان 5 طبقه)

✅overlooking the ocean
(مشرف به اقيانوس)

?The apartment had recently been remodeled/renovated – meaning it was fixed up and improved – and was fully furnished, so it already had furniture (beds, tables, etc.) and appliances (refrigerator, stove, etc.)

✅been remodeled/renovate
(بازسازى شده)

✅fully furnished
(مبله و مجهز به اثاثيه)

?We loved the spacious living room (the room was big), but unfortunately the bedrooms were rather cramped (small and uncomfortable). It was nice to spend a month there, but by the end of the trip I started to feel homesick – that’s when you feel sad because you miss your life at home.

✅spacious
(جا دار)

✅cramped
(تنگ و شلوغ)

✅feel homesick
(احساس دلتنگى براى خانه، غربت)

?My mother radically changed her eating habits a few years ago. In the past, she ate a lot of junk food (food that is not nutritious/healthy) and was overweight. Sometimes she would try to go on a diet (eat less food and healthier food), but it would never last. But now she understands how unhealthy processed foods are – they’re full of food additives (chemicals added to food) that contribute to weight gain and heart problems.

✅eating habits
(عادات غذايى)

✅junk food
(تنقلات كم ارزش)

✅go on a diet
(رژیم گرفتن)

✅processed foods
(غذاهای فراوری شده)

✅food additives
(افزودنى هاى غذايى)

?Nowadays, she eats a balanced diet including a lot of nourishing meals (meals that are healthy and nutritious) that she prepares herself. She doesn’t buy organic food because she thinks the prices are outrageous, but she stocks up on fresh produce (fresh fruits and vegetables) so that she can grab an apple or some veggies when she wants a quick snack (something small and fast to eat). She has also learned to eat in moderation and watch her portion sizes (how much food you take).

✅balanced diet
(رژيم غذايى متعادل)

✅nourishing meals
(وعده هاى سالم و مغذى)

✅organic food
(غذاى ارگانيك)

✅fresh produce
(سبزيجات و ميوه تازه)

✅quick snack
(میان وعده سریع)

✅eat in moderation
(خوردن در اعتدال)

✅portion sizes
(مقدار غذايى كه خورده ميشود)

?I often stop by her house when I’m in the mood for a home-cooked meal.
My mother recently told me that she’d like to try some international cuisine. I was surprised to hear that, because a few years ago she had a bad experience after getting food poisoning (when you get sick because of contaminated food) at a Japanese restaurant. So tomorrow I’m taking her to a Brazilian steakhouse. I told her to eat light meals (small meals) during the day so that she doesn’t spoil her appetite for dinner (“spoiling your appetite” means eating food earlier, and then not being hungry for a meal later).

✅home-cooked meal
(غذای خانگی)

✅international cuisine
(غذاهای بین المللی)

✅food poisoning
(مسموميت غذايى)

✅light meals
(غذا هاى سبك)

✅to spoil appetite
(كور شدن اشتها)

?My brother is a huge fan of movies. When he sees a movie trailer (a short video offering a preview of the movie), he counts down the days until the movie comes out. He always goes to the movie theater on opening night – that’s the first day a movie, show, concert, or performance is open to the public. He also loves to analyze the film critics’ reviews (the evaluations of the people whose job is to analyze movies) and tries to guess which movies will be nominated for an award.

✅movie trailer
(تريلر فيلم)

✅movie comes out
(فيلم بيرون بيايد)

✅movie theater
(سينما)

✅opening night
(شب افتتاحیه)

✅film critics’ reviews
(نظر منتقدين فيلم)

✅nominated for an award.
(نامزد يك جايزه)

?One of his favorite movie stars (famous actors/actresses) will be starring in an upcoming film about the Vietnam War. It’s based on a true story, and they’re shooting the film on-site in Vietnam – that means they will be recording/filming the movie in the same location as the story occurs.

✅movie stars
(ستاره هاى فیلم)

✅starring in an upcoming film
(درخشش در فيلمى كه به زودى اكران خواهد شد)

✅based on a true story
(بر اساس يك داستان واقعى)

✅shooting the film on-site
(فيلم بردارى در لوكيشن)

?This particular actor had been talking about retiring, but when he was offered the leading role (the opportunity to play the most important part in a movie) in a film that’s sure to be a box-office hit (a movie that is very successful) he couldn’t turn it down.

✅the leading role
(نقش اصلى)

✅box-office hit
(موفق و پرفروش)

?I prefer books. I’m currently engrossed in a book by Stieg Larsson (the book is taking all my attention) – it’s the final part of a trilogy, and I can’t wait to see how things turn out for the main character (the most important person in the book). I already have a huge collection of books, and I also borrow books from the library.

✅engrossed in
(مجذوب به)

✅main character
(نقش اصلى)

✅borrow books from the library
(كتاب را از كتابخانه امانت گرفتن)

?One book I took out last week deals with modern feminism and motherhood. It’s a bit of a controversial topic, but it’s an interesting and enjoyable read. I’m not sure I’ll have time to finish it before I have to return the book to the library. Maybe I’ll renew it for another week – that means to get an extension of the length of time I can keep the book.

✅controversial topic
(مبحث بحث برانگيز)

✅interesting and enjoyable read
(يك خواندنى جالب و لذت بخش)

✅return the book to the library
(كتاب را به كتابخانه برگرداندن)

✅renew
(تمديد كردن كتاب)

?My older brother Alex is very musically gifted (he has a natural talent for music). He can play any tune from memory, without looking at sheet music (musical notation written on paper). He spends all his free time strumming a guitar (playing a guitar), composing music (creating music), and writing song lyrics (the words to a song).

✅musically gifted (استعداد موسيقيايى)

✅sheet music (نت موسيقى)

✅strumming a guitar (نوازندگى گيتار)

✅composing music (اهنگسازى)

✅song lyrics (متن شعر)

?Alex and his friends formed a band that has attracted a sizable following (a lot of fans) in our city. They started out playing gigs (giving small, informal performances) in bars and clubs, and they used the money they earned to record their debut album (record their first CD).

✅sizable following (دنبال كنندگان زياد)

✅playing gigs (اجرا هاى كوچك غيررسمى)

✅debut album (اولين البوم)

?A remixed track (a song that has been modified electronically) from that CD then became a massive hit (a very popular song) on the local radio station thanks to its catchy tune (memorable melody) and upbeat tempo (fast rhythm).

✅remixed track (اهنگ ريميكس شده)

✅massive hit (اهنگ خيلى پر طرفدار و محبوب)

✅catchy tune (اهنگ گيرا)

✅upbeat tempo (ريتم تند)

?Their second album will be released (it will be made available to the public) at the end of the year; they’ll record it live at their next show. Alex dreams of going on tour – he’s just waiting for his big break (big opportunity to become famous) to get his foot in the door of the music industry.

✅album will be released ( البوم منتشر خواهد شد)

✅record it live (ضبط اهنگ به صورت زنده)

✅big break (فرصت بزرگ معروف شدن)

✅music industry (صنعت موسيقى)

?As for me, I love singing along (singing together) to my brother’s music, but a career in music isn’t for me – I’m completely tone-deaf (unable to correctly identify different musical notes) and I always sing off-key (sing the incorrect melody)!

✅singing along (سرود و اوازهاى دسته جمعى)

✅tone-deaf ( ناتوان در شناسایی نت‌های متفاوت موسیقی)

✅sing off-key (روى نت اشتباه خواندن)

افعال play ، do و go در انواع ورزش ها:

✅از فعل Play براى ورزش هاى تيمى استفاده ميكنيم. مثل :

?play soccer,
?play basketball,
?play tennis,
?play baseball,
?play golf.

✅فعل Do براى ورزش هاى فردى تر بكار ميرود.

?do yoga,
?do gymnastics,
?do martial arts,
?do aerobics

(همچنين در حالت كلى براى ورزش كردن عبارت do exercise را بكار ميبريم.)

✅فعل Go در بيشتر فعاليت هاى ورزشى كه به ing- ختم ميشوند بكار ميرود.

?go swimming,
?go biking,
?go surfing,
?go rock climbing,
?go bowling,
?and go fishing.

✅براى ورزش هاى تيمى ميتوان از كلمه ى game يا match استفاده كرد

?a soccer game,
?a basketball game,
?a tennis match

?With the team sports, we can use the word game or match: a soccer game, a basketball game, a tennis match, etc. You can win the game, lose the game, or tie the game – that’s when the final score is 1-1 or 2-2, for example.

✅win the game (بردن بازى)

✅lose the game (باختن بازى)

✅tie the game (مساوى كردن بازى)

?A team can play a home game – when they play in their own stadium or field – or an away game – when they play at the opposing team’s stadium or field. When there are many teams that are playing many games to see which one is the best, we call this a tournament.

✅home game (بازى خانگى)

✅away game (بازى دور از خانه)

✅tournament (مسابقات قهرمانى)

?With the sports that use “do” and “go,” we typically use the word competition – a gymnastics competition, a martial arts competition, a surfing competition, an ice skating competition, etc. The exception is sports where you go from one place to another – like running, biking, and swimming – in that case, we often call the event a race.

✅competition(رقابت)

✅race(مسابقه)

?Athletes can enter a competition and try to win first place. Some athletes try to enhance their performance with illegal substances such as steroids. But if they fail a drug test, they’ll be disqualified from participating.

✅enter a competition (ورود به رقابت)

✅first place (جايگاه اول)

✅enhance their performance (عملكردشان را بالا ببرند)

✅fail a drug test (رد شدن در تست دُپینگ)

?If the athlete is performing well, they may achieve a personal best – and if they perform better than ANYONE ever has in the past, then they could even break the world record or set a new world record. If they get injured, however, they might have to withdraw from the competition (voluntarily leave the competition).

✅achieve a personal best (بهترينِ شخصى خود را به دست اورد)

✅break the world record (ركورد جهانى را بشكند)

✅set a new world record (يك ركورد جديد ثبت كند)

✅withdraw from the competition (از رقابت كنار بكشند)

?There are a number of lifestyle changes you can make to improve your overall health and increase your life expectancy (how long you are expected to live) – you can quit smoking, reduce stress, eat a balanced diet, get plenty of sleep, and exercise regularly. It’s also important to get vaccinations/immunizations to prevent diseases. No matter how healthy you are, it’s still a good idea to have health insurance – a program/plan to cover expenses in case of an accident or serious illness.

✅lifestyle changes
(تغيير در سبك زندگى)

✅overall health
(سلامت كلى)

✅life expectancy
(ميانگين طول عمر)

✅quit smoking
(ترك سيگار)

✅reduce stress
(كاهش استرس)

✅eat a balanced diet
(خوردن طبق يك رژيم متعادل)

✅get plenty of sleep
(داشتن خواب كافى)

✅exercise regularly
(ورزش بطور منظم)

✅get vaccinations/immunizations
(واكسن زدن)

✅health insurance
(بيمه سلامت)

?If you’re in a car accident, you might suffer/sustain serious injuries. Of course, if you’re wearing your seatbelt, you’re more likely to have only minor injuries. If you’ve broken/fractured a bone – for example, your leg – the doctor will put your leg in a cast. If you have a cut, the doctor will give you stitches. If you have a burn, the doctor will give you an ointment to prevent infection.

✅suffer/sustain serious injuries
(تحمل صدمات جدى)

✅minor injuries
(صدمات سطحى)

✅broken/fractured a bone
(شكستگى يك استخوان)

✅put your leg in a cast
(پايتان را گچ گرفتن)

✅give you stitches
(بخيه زدن برايتان)

✅prevent infection
(جلوگيرى از عفونت)

?If you have a minor ailment like a headache, you can take some aspirin to relieve the pain (reduce the effects of the pain). If you suffer from a chronic condition (a condition that continues for a long time) like allergies, asthma, back pain, or depression, there are both over-the counter and prescription medications that can help alleviate the symptoms (an over-the-counter medication is one that you can buy without a doctor’s prescription).

✅minor ailment

(بيمارى جزئى)

✅take some aspirin

(مقدارى اسپرين مصرف كنيد)

✅relieve the pain

(تسكين درد)

✅chronic condition

(بيمارى مزمن)

✅over-the counter

(دارو هاى بدون نسخه)

✅prescription medications

(دارو هاى تجويزى)

✅alleviate the symptoms

(علائم بيمارى را كاهش دهيد)

?When someone has a minor respiratory infection, we say they have a cold. Don’t get too close to that person, because you could catch a cold, too! You can “catch” other types of contagious diseases as well – such as sexually-transmitted diseases (STDs).

✅have a cold
(سرما خودگى داشتن)

✅catch a cold
(سرماخوردگى گرفتن)

✅sexually-transmitted diseases
(بيمارى هاى مقاربتى)

?If someone is diagnosed with a more serious illness such as cancer or AIDS, they’ll need more extensive treatment. When a disease has progressed so far that it will be impossible to cure, then the patient is said to be terminally ill – in other words, the person will definitely die of the disease soon.

✅diagnosed
(تشخيص داده شده)

✅terminally ill
(مريض ناعلاج-بيمارى كه به زودى فوت ميكند)

[/private]

? Most children begin their studies at 5 or 6 years old in pre-school, followed by kindergarten. After that comes primary/elementary school, which consists of first grade through fifth grade. Then there’s middle school – sixth grade through eighth grade – and high school, which is ninth grade through twelfth grade.

✅pre-school (مهد كودك)

✅kindergarten (پيش دبستانى)

✅elementary school (مدرسه ابتدايى)

✅first grade (كلاس اول)

✅fifth grade (كلاس پنجم)

✅middle school (مدرسه راهنمايى)

✅high school (دبيرستان)

? After high school, you apply to colleges/universities to see which ones will accept you. You send in/submit your application and then wait for the results. If you got good grades in high school, you might get / be awarded a scholarship to help pay the tuition (the cost of studying).

✅apply to colleges/universities
(درخواست دادن براى كالج يا دانشگاه)

✅send in/submit your application
(درخواست خود را ارائه كردن)

✅get good grades
(نمرات خوبى كسب كردن )

✅get / be awarded a scholarship
(بورس تحصيلى گرفتن)

✅tuition

(شهريه)

? In college, you’ll take classes/courses on various subjects. You should always take notes as the teacher is giving the lecture. Some teachers may ask the students to give/make presentations or do research and write an essay, an assignment, a report, or a paper. After you hand in your work, the teacher will grade the assignment (give you an evaluation, for example, 90%) and give you feedback (comments on your work).

✅take classes/courses
(انتخاب واحد كردن-درسى را برداشتن)

✅take notes
(نت برداشتن)

✅giving the lecture
(سخنرانى/درس دادن)

✅give/make presentations
(ارائه/كنفرانس دادن)

✅do research
(تحقيق كردن)

✅write an essay, an assignment, a report, or a paper
(نوشتن انشا، تكليف درسي، گزارش، ويا مقاله)

✅hand in your work
(تحويل دادن كارتان)

✅grade the assignment
(نمره دادن به تكليف)

✅give you feedback
(بازخورد كارتان راميدهد)

? To evaluate your progress, you’ll take tests/exams. If you get the minimum number of points required, you’ve passed the test; if you don’t get the minimum number of points, you’ve failed the test. It’s also possible to pass/fail a course.

✅take tests/exam
(امتحان دادن)

✅pass the test
(پاس كردن امتحان)

✅fail the test
(رد شدن در امتحان)

✅pass/fail a course
(رد/پاس كردن واحد)

? Most college students choose a major/concentration. To talk about a concentration of studies, you can use “major” as a verb or a noun – for example:

?“I majored in biology”
?“I was a biology major.”

?“My daughter is majoring in philosophy.”
?“My daughter’s a philosophy major.”

✅major/concentration
(رشته)

? When you graduate from college, you’ll get a diploma. Afterwards, you can say you have a degree in the area of your concentration. You can have a bachelor’s degree, master’s degree, or doctorate (Ph.D.), for example:

?“I have a bachelor’s degree in chemistry.”

?“I have a master’s degree in linguistics.”

?“I have a Ph.D. in theology.”

✅graduate from college
(فارق التحصيل شدن از كالج)

✅diploma
(ديپلم)

✅bachelor’s degree
(مدرك ليسانس)

✅master’s degree
(مدرك فوق ليسانس)

✅doctorate (Ph.D.)
(دكترا)

[/private]

?If you’ve just graduated from college and you’ve never had a job, you can start your career by doing an internship (a temporary, low-level job) to gain experience. Depending on the company, the internship could lead to an opportunity to get an entry-level job (a job that doesn’t require much skill or experience) at the same company.

✅doing an internship
(كاراموزى كردن)

✅entry-level job
(كار سطح پايين و مبتدى)

?Although you might be earning minimum wage (the minimum salary required by law), if you do excellent work and are a good team player (you cooperate well with your co-workers) you could get a promotion (get an increase in responsibility) or get a raise (get an increase in salary) – hopefully both! Just don’t slack off, otherwise you’ll be fired/dismissed (lose your job).

✅minimum wage
(حداقل دستمزد)

✅a good team player
(كسى كه در كار تيمى خوب است)

✅get a promotion
(ترفيع گرفتن)

✅get a raise
(اضافه حقوق گرفتن)

✅fired/dismissed
(اخراج شدن)

? It’s normal for there to be periods of time when you have a heavy workload (a lot of work) and need to work overtime (work extra hours). But if you have a very demanding job (an intense job with lots of responsibilities) and you’re stressed out all the time, then it might be time to quit your job (leave your job voluntarily) and look for another one.

✅heavy workload
(حجم سنگين كار)

✅work overtime
(اضافه كارى انجام دادن)

✅demanding job
(شغل پردغدغه و دشوار)

✅quit your job
(استعفا دادن از شغل)

? Now that you have experience, you’ll be able to get a job with a more competitive salary (salary that is higher than average) and generous benefits (extra benefits like health insurance, discounts, a company car, etc). If you can’t find a well-paid and rewarding job in your field, it might be time for a career change.

✅get a job
(شغل پيدا كردن)

✅competitive salary
(حقوق بالاتر از ميانگين)

✅generous benefits
(مزاياى كارى-مثل بيمه سلامتى، تخفيف ها و..)

✅well-paid
(درامد بالا)

✅rewarding job
(كار رضايت بخش)

✅career change
(تغيير شغلى)

? The typical way of applying for a job is to read the job ads in the newspaper or online, then send your resume to the company with a cover letter. The company will then interview the candidates it feels are most qualified, based on the job description.

✅applying for a job
(درخواست دادن براى يك شغل)

✅job ads
(اگهى هاى كار)

✅interview the candidates
(مصاحبه با داوطلبان)

✅job description
(شرح وظايف كارى)

Sometimes job seekers (people looking for a job) need to take a menial job (job requiring a very low level of skill) in order to earn a living (get enough money to survive) while they’re between jobs. But if you’re persistent, a great job offer should come your way sooner or later – maybe even for your dream job (a job that would be perfect for you)!

✅job seekers
(افراد جوياى كار)

✅menial job
(كار سطح پايين)

✅earn a living
(كسب حقوقى ناچيز)

✅between jobs
(موقتاً بيكار بودن براى تغيير شغل)

✅a great job offer
(يك پيشنهاد شغلى عالى)

✅dream job
(شغل رويايى)

[/private]

? If you don’t want to work for someone else, you can go into business for yourself. You can set up a company (establish a company) in an industry that interests you – of course, it’s always good to do market research (investigate the market), to determine if there’s a need for your product or service.

✅go into business
(كسب و كار راه انداختن)

✅set up a company
(تاسيس يك شركت)

✅do market research
(بررسى وضعيت بازار)

? It’s normal for small businesses to operate at a loss (the business is losing money) for the first couple of years before they start to break even – that’s when the money coming in equals the money going out. If there’s tough competition and your start-up isn’t able to gain market share (secure a significant number of customers), then your business runs the risk of going bankrupt (or going under) – losing all its money and having to shut down. But if the amount of money coming into the company from sales is greater than the amount spent on expenses, then you are making a profit.

✅operate at a loss
(زمانى كه هزينه هاى بيزينس از درامد ان بيشتر باشد)

✅break even
(زمانى كه هزينه ها و درامد بيزينس يكى باشد)

✅tough competition
(رقابت سخت)

✅gain market share
(كسب سهم بيشتر از بازار)

✅going bankrupt/going under
(ورشكستگى)

✅making a profit
(سود بردن)

? As your business grows, you can hire/take on staff/employees. Another possibility is to make a deal (make an agreement) with other companies to do business together – in this case, representatives from both companies will sign a contract (put your name on a contract) that establishes each party’s rights and responsibilities.

✅hire/take on staff/employees
(استخدام پرسنل)

✅make a deal
(تعامل كارى برقرار كردن)

✅do business together
(انجام كار با یکديگر)

✅sign a contract
(قرارداد امضا كردن)

? Whenever you’re planning to launch a new product, it’s essential to provide excellent customer service (help for the customers). Otherwise, your customers will take their business elsewhere – they’ll start buying from a rival company (a company that is your competitor) instead of from yours.

✅launch a new product
(معرفى يك محصول جديد به بازار)

✅customer service
(خدمات مشترى)

✅take their business elsewhere
(خريد از يك كمپاني ديگر)

✅rival company
(شركت رقيب)

?It’s not easy to run a business (manage a business), but with a combination of luck, skill, and hard work, your business just might take off (become popular/successful). One way to describe a period of time of major growth and success is to say that “business is booming.”

✅run a business
(اداره ى يك كسب و كار)

✅take off
(موفق/محبوب شدن)

✅business is booming
(كسب و كار در رونق)

[/private]

? There are a lot of things you can do with money!
First, you need to earn money or make money – both of these verbs refer to receiving money from your work. Another way to obtain money is to inherit money – receive money from a family member or friend after that person dies. If the person was very rich, you could inherit a fortune (a fortune is a lot of money).

✅earn money or make money
(پول دراوردن(از طريق يك شغل))

✅inherit money
(پول به ارث بردن)

✅inherit a fortune
(پول كلان به ارث بردن)

?You can take your money to the bank and make a deposit – put money into your bank account. Later, you can make a withdrawal – remove money from your bank account. Of course, everyone likes to spend money – use money to buy things – but it’s important not to waste/squander your money. These verbs refer to using money in a way that’s not productive.

✅make a deposit
(حساب باز كردن)

✅make a withdrawal
(پول برداشت كردن از حساب)

✅spend money
(پول خرج كردن)

✅waste/squander your money
(پول خود را به هدر دادن)

? If money is tight (meaning you have very little money), you should make a budget – a plan for how much to spend on things every month – and then you need to stick to the budget (continue following the plan). Otherwise, you might be broke by the end of the month! Someone who is “broke” has no money available.

✅money is tight
(پول كافى نداشتن)

✅make a budget
(بودجه بندى هزينه هاى ماهانه)

✅stick to the budget
(بر اساس بودجه پيش رفتن)

✅be broke
(بى پول شدن اخر ماه)

? A person who is financially savvy (intelligent, perceptive, and well-informed on the subject of money) will always save money. It’s a good idea to have an emergency fund of at least 3-6 months of living expenses (the amount money you use to survive in everyday life). You can also invest money in the stock market – you could make a nice profit, but there’s also the risk of losing money if the economy goes downhill (starts to get worse).

✅financially savvy
(فردى كه داراى هوش اقتصادى است)

✅ emergency fund
(بودجه اضطرارى)

✅living expenses
(مخارج زندگى)

✅invest money in the stock market
(سرمايه گذارى كردن در بازار سهام)

✅losing money
(از دست دادن پول/ضرر كردن)

? Let’s say you want to purchase an expensive item like a car. If you haven’t saved up money or set aside money for the purchase, you can borrow money from the bank – which is also called taking out a loan. The disadvantage of this is that you’ll need to pay the money back in installments – plus interest (extra money).

✅set aside money
(پول كنار گذاشتن)

✅borrow money from the bank
(از بانك پول قرض كردن)

✅taking out a loan
(وام گرفتن)

✅pay the money back in installments
(پول را به صورت قسطى پس دادن)

✅interest
(بهره)

? When you travel, you’ll need to change/exchange money to be able to buy things with the local currency. Make sure to change money only at official locations like banks and travel agencies otherwise, you could be tricked into receiving counterfeit bills (false paper money that is not legally valid).

✅change/exchange money
(چنج كردن پول)

✅local currency
(پول رايج محلى)

✅counterfeit bills
(اسكناس جعلى)

?Finally, you can consider donating money (giving money without receiving anything in return) to a good cause, such as preserving the environment or researching cures for diseases. Non-profit organizations are always trying to raise money (get donations) for their various projects.

✅donating money
(اهدا كردن پول)

✅raise money
(پول جمع كردن از ديگران)

[/private]

? Last week I had the worst business trip I’ve ever taken. Normally a travel agency takes care of booking my flight (buying a plane ticket) and making my hotel reservation, but this time I decided make the travel arrangements myself. Big mistake!

✅business trip
(سفر كارى)

✅booking my flight
(رزرو كردن بليط پرواز)

✅making my hotel reservation
(رزرو كردن هتل)

✅travel arrangements
(برنامه ريزى و ترتيب سفر)

? First of all, the plane was overbooked (there were more passengers than seats available) so I was bumped to a later flight. When they gave me my new boarding pass (the ticket that allows you to enter the airplane), they didn’t ask me if I’d prefer a window seat or an aisle seat (a seat next to the corridor) – and I was stuck in the middle. To top it off, it was a very bumpy flight (a flight with a lot of turbulence).

✅the plane was overbooked
(زمانى كه بليط هاى فروش رفته بيشتر از ظرفيت هواپيما باشد)

✅I was bumped to a later flight
(پرواز بعدى به من اختصاص داده شد)

✅boarding pass
(كارت پرواز)

✅window seat
(صندلى كنار پنجره)

✅aisle seat
(صندلى كنار راهرو)

✅bumpy flight
(پرواز با تكانهاى شديد)

? I then missed my connecting flight and had a ten-hour layover (I had to wait ten hours for my next flight) in Chicago. Unfortunately, my checked luggage (the bags in the airplane’s cargo compartment) had already gone through to my final destination, so all I had was my carry-on bag (the bag you take with you on the plane). I checked into a hotel near the airport just so I could take a nap.

✅connecting flight
(پرواز غير مستقيم-تعويض هواپيما براى ادامه مسير)

✅a ten-hour layover
(يك توقف ده ساعته ى موقت در طول مسير)

✅checked luggage
(چمدان هايى كه در فرودگاه بازرسى و تحويل گرفته ميشوند)

✅carry-on bag
(كيف و ساك دستى كه با خود به داخل هواپيما ميبرند)

✅checked into a hotel
(اتاقى در يك هتل گرفتن)

? When I finally arrived in Los Angeles, it turns out that I had made a mistake with my hotel reservation, and instead of booking a room at a five-star hotel, I had booked three nights at a seedy hotel (a hotel that is not very safe or comfortable), So I was stuck sleeping on an uncomfortable mattress in a dingy room (a dirty and dark room) while my colleagues enjoyed the luxury hotel.
The trip home was uneventful, but when I arrived I discovered that the airline had lost my luggage. All in all it was a miserable experience.

✅five-star hotel
(هتل 5 ستاره)

✅seedy hotel
(هتل بى كيفيت و ارزان)

✅dingy room
(اتاق كثيف و تاريك)

✅luxury hotel
(هتل مجلل)

✅lost my luggage
(چمدانم را گم كرد)

? Last week I had the worst business trip I’ve ever taken. Normally a travel agency takes care of booking my flight (buying a plane ticket) and making my hotel reservation, but this time I decided make the travel arrangements myself. Big mistake!

✅business trip
(سفر كارى)

✅booking my flight
(رزرو كردن بليط پرواز)

✅making my hotel reservation
(رزرو كردن هتل)

✅travel arrangements
(برنامه ريزى و ترتيب سفر)

[/private]

? Do you want to know if it’ll be sunny or rainy next weekend? Then you should check the weather forecast – that’s the prediction of the weather in the near future.
If the forecast says the sun will be shining brightly, with clear skies (no clouds in the sky) and high temperatures, then it’s a good day to go to the beach and bask in the sunshine (or soak up the sunshine) – these expressions mean to enjoy the sun’s heat and light.

✅weather forecast
(پيش بينى اب و هوا)

✅sun will be shining brightly
(هوا افتابى خواهد بود)

✅clear skies
(اسمان هاى صاف-بدون ابر)

✅high temperatures
(دماهاى بالا)

✅bask in the sunshine (or soak up the sunshine)
(افتاب گرفتن و از افتاب لذت بردن)

? However, if the forecast says it’ll be oppressively hot, scorching hot, or swelteringly hot, then you might want to stay inside and turn up the air conditioning! Another common phrase is hot and humid that means hot with a lot of water in the air (so you will sweat a lot).
The weather forecast might say it will be partly cloudy (the sky partially covered by clouds). Another way to say this is that there are scattered clouds (just a few clouds). If there are heavy clouds, then you won’t be able to see the sun at all – and if there are storm clouds, then it will probably rain very soon. One way to express this is to say “It looks like rain.”

✅oppressively hot,
scorching hot,
or swelteringly hot
(به شدت گرم و سوزان)

✅hot and humid
(گرم و شرجى)

✅partly cloudy
(نيمه ابرى)

✅scattered clouds
(ابر پراكنده)

✅heavy clouds
(ابر سنگين و متراكم)

✅It looks like rain
(هوا به نظر بارانيست)

?We can have light rain (little rain) or heavy rain (lots of rain, intense rain) – and if the rain gets REALLY intense, we can describe it as torrential rain. If the rain continues without stopping, then we call it continuous rain or constant rain – but if it’s the type of rain that starts and stops various times throughout the day, it’s called intermittent rain or scattered showers. When it stops raining, you can say the rain let up.

✅light rain
(باران سبك)

✅heavy rain
(باران سنگين)

✅torrential rain
(باران سيل اسا)

✅continuous rain or constant rain
(باران پيوسته)

✅intermittent rain or scattered showers
(باران متناوب)

✅the rain let up
(بند امدن باران)

? Rain is usually accompanied by wind, which can be light/slight winds or high/strong winds. If the wind is especially strong and violent, you can say fierce winds or gale-force winds – this last expression is usually used for winds at the level of a hurricane. When the wind is increasing in intensity, we say “The wind is picking up,” and when it is decreasing in intensity, we say “The wind is dying down.”
Sometimes we describe the wind with an adjective that emphasizes the cold – such as a biting wind or an icy wind. Finally, a sudden instance of wind can be called a blast of wind or a gust of wind.

✅light/slight winds
(بادهاى ملايم)

✅high/strong winds
(باد هاى شديد و پرقدرت)

✅fierce winds or gale-force winds
(باد هاى فوق العاده شديد)

✅The wind is picking up
(باد در حال شدت گرفتن است)

✅The wind is dying down
(باد در حال كاهش است)

✅blast of wind or a gust of wind
(وزش باد هاى ناگهانى و شديد)

? Snow, like rain, can be light or heavy. Light snow can also be called snow flurries. When the snow is being blown around in the wind, we can describe it as driving snow or swirling snow. It can be wonderful to walk through fresh, powdery, newly-fallen snow – but not so nice to drive on it. So we clear the snow or plough the snow with vehicles to remove it from the roads. You can also do this manually – that’s called shoveling the snow. At the end of winter, when temperatures rise, the snow melts – it turns into water and disappears.

✅snow flurries
(بارش ملايم برف)

✅driving snow or swirling snow
(برف و باد)

✅fresh, powdery, newly-fallen snow
(برف تازه باريده شده ى نرم ومثل پودر)

✅clear the snow or plough the snow
(پاك كردن برف از جاده ها)

✅shoveling the snow
(پارو كردن برف)

✅the snow melts
( اب شدن برف)

?Sometimes the weather is unusual for a particular time of year. For example, in the winter, you might have a day that is unseasonably warm, and in the summer, you might have a day that is unseasonably cool. When the temperature reaches an extreme, we call that a record high or a record low.

Here are some alternative ways of saying the weather was good. You can say the weather was beautiful, lovely, ideal, superb, or perfect. To say the weather was bad, you can say the weather was lousy, miserable, nasty, dreadful, or terrible.

✅unseasonably warm
(بطور غير معمول گرم)

✅unseasonably cool
(بطور غير معمول سرد)

✅record high
(بالاترين درجه ى ثبت شده)

✅record low
(پايين ترين درجه ى ثبت شده)

✅the weather was beautiful, lovely, ideal, superb, or perfect
(هواى خوب،ايده ال)

✅the weather was lousy, miserable, nasty, dreadful, or terrible
(هواى بد، افتضاح)

[/private]

?When my parents retired last year, they traded the towering skyscrapers (very tall buildings) and noise pollution (excessive noise) of Los Angeles for the peace and quiet of a small coastal city (a city near the ocean) in southern France. They said they were tired of living in a high-rise building right next to an industrial zone. Now they live in a cozy little house on the outskirts of the city (on the outer edge of the city, not in the center).

✅towering skyscrapers
(ساختمان هاى خيلى بلند، برج)

✅noise pollution
(الودگى صوتى)

✅coastal city
(شهر ساحلى)

✅high-rise building
(ساختمان بلند)

✅industrial zone
(منطقه صنعتى)

✅cozy little house
(خانه ى دنج كوچك)

✅outskirts of the city
(حومه شهر)

? Life in their new town is quite different from the hectic pace (the fast and chaotic rhythm) of L.A., where the bustling streets (busy streets filled with people) are strewn with litter (filled with garbage) and you can count on spending hours in traffic jams (stopped traffic).

✅hectic pace
(سرعت زياد و بى نظمى)

✅bustling streets
(خيابان هاى پر جنب و جوش)

✅strewn with litter
(زباله هاى ريخته شده)

✅traffic jams
(راه بندان با وسايل نقيله)

?Instead, the narrow cobblestone streets of the city center are lined with eighteenth-century buildings that are now home to quaint shops (charming and old-fashioned shops) and gourmet restaurants specializing in the local cuisine (the typical food of the region).

✅the narrow cobblestone streets
(خيابان هاى باريك سنگفرش شده)

✅eighteenth-century buildings
(ساختمان هاى قرن هجدهمى)

✅quaint shops
(مغازه هاى جذاب قديمى)

✅gourmet restaurants
(رستوران هاى عالى)

✅local cuisine
(غذاى محلى)

?The best day to visit is Saturday, when there’s an open-air market (an outdoor market) in the main square. You can buy souvenirs from the street vendors (people selling things on the street) and have lunch at one of the trendy cafés (modern, stylish, and popular cafés) in the area. There’s virtually no street crime here, in contrast to the inner-city areas (older, central, crowded part of a city, usually filled with poor people and possibly violence) of L.A.

✅open-air market
(بازار روباز)

✅main square
(ميدان اصلى)

✅ street vendors
(دستفروشى ها)

✅trendy cafés
(كافه شيك و به روز)

✅inner-city areas
(قسمت هاى قديمى و مركزى شهر كه فقيرنشين و شلوغ است)

?Is there anything that my parents miss about Los Angeles? Well, they do miss the cultural diversity. But they’re past the age where being in a place with a pulsating nightlife (having many exciting bars and clubs) is important to them.

✅cultural diversity
(تنوع فرهنگى)

✅pulsating nightlife
(تفريحات شبانه در كلاب ها)

[/private]

?If you’re living in an urban area and looking for a little change of scenery, why not take a weekend trip to the surrounding countryside? You can walk through the wildlife preserve (special area where animals are protected), where a winding footpath (a road you can walk on, that has many turns and changes of direction) will lead you through varied landscapes including dense forests, vast meadows, and gentle, rolling hills.

✅change of scenery
(تغيير مكان و منظره)

✅surrounding countryside
(مناطق روستايى اطراف)

✅ wildlife preserve
(منطقه حفاظت شده)

✅winding footpath
(راه پرپيچ و خم پياده رو)

✅varied landscapes
(چشم اندازهاى متنوع)

✅dense forests
(جنگل هاى انبوه)

✅vast meadows
(چمنزار وسيع)

✅gentle, rolling hills.
(تپه هاى ناهموار ملايم)

?More adventurous visitors will enjoy exploring the rocky landscape of Yosemite National Park with its towering cliffs (very tall cliffs) and magnificent waterfalls. You can take a hiking trail that goes up the steepest face of the tallest mountain in the park (the side of a mountain is called a “face” – and “steep” means it is very vertical). The trail starts at the foot of the mountain (the base of the mountain) and the ascent takes about four hours; you can stop to have lunch on the banks of a clear, bubbling mountain stream.

✅rocky landscape
(منظره سنگى)

✅towering cliffs
(پرتگاه خيلى بلند)

✅magnificent waterfalls
(ابشارهاى عظيم)

✅hiking trail
(مسير كوهستانى-مناسب براى پياده روى)

✅steepest face of the tallest mountain
(شیب دارترین دامنه ى بلندترین کوه )

✅foot of the mountain
(كوهپايه)

✅clear, bubbling mountain stream
(نهر كوهستانى زلال جوشان)

? From the summit, there’s a spectacular panoramic view (meaning you can see in all directions) of the area. To the east, you can see the jagged, snow-covered peaks of a distant mountain range (a group or chain of mountains); you can gaze at the lush green countryside (an area with lots of healthy vegetation) to the south, and when looking west, you can see the slow-moving, shallow river (a river that is not very deep or fast) that flows lazily towards the ocean.

✅spectacular panoramic view
(منظره تماشايى سراسرنما)

✅jagged, snow-covered peaks
(قله هاى ناهموار پوشيده از برف)

✅distant mountain range
(رشته هاى دوردست)

✅lush green countryside
(ییلاقات سرسبز انبوه)

✅slow-moving, shallow river
(رودخانه كم عمق كم سرعت)

?The coastline is just a three-hour drive from the mountains, with miles of sun-drenched, sandy beaches. You can stay overnight at a family-run hotel in the picturesque fishing village (beautiful, good for taking pictures), where every room has an unobstructed view (there are no obstacles blocking the view) of the sea. The beaches tend to get crowded in the summer, so one option is to take a boat trip across the bay and explore the secluded beaches (beaches that are hidden) on the island – it’s well worth the trip (meaning it’s a good use of your time to go there).

✅sun-drenched, sandy beaches
(ساحل افتابگير شنى)

✅picturesque fishing village
(روستای ماهیگیری تماشایی)

✅unobstructed view
(منظره بدون مانع)

✅boat trip
(سفر با قايق)

✅secluded beaches
(سواحل دنج و خلوت)

✅well worth the trip
(سفر به انجا ارزشش را دارد)

[/private]

? If someone tries to commit a crime but does not succeed, we use the word “attempted “– for example, an attempted murder, attempted kidnapping, or attempted break-in. If someone accuses another person of a crime, but it is not yet proven, then we use the word alleged – for example, an alleged assault, alleged harassment, or alleged rape.

✅attempted murder
(قتل ناموفق)

✅attempted kidnapping
(ادم ربايى ناموفق)

✅attempted break-in
(ورود غير قانونى ناموفق)

✅alleged assault
(متهم به حمله)

✅alleged harassment
(متهم به ازار و اذيت)

✅alleged rape
(متهم به تجاوز)

? When a person breaks the law (does something illegal), we say they have committed a crime. Especially horrible crimes – like a savage rape or a brutal murder – can be described as barbaric, horrible, or vicious crimes.

✅breaks the law
(شكستن قانون)

✅committed a crime
(مرتكب جرم شدن)

✅savage rape
(تجاوز وحشيانه)

✅brutal murder
(قتل بى رحمانه)

✅barbaric horrible, or vicious crimes
(جنايات بى رحمانه،ترسناك يا وحشيانه)

?After the victim reports the crime to the police, the police will begin to investigate the crime. They’ll visit the crime scene and gather forensic evidence (collect details like bullets, fingerprints, or blood samples that can show what happened). If witnesses come forward, the police will interview them to hear a first-hand account (a story told by a person who saw the event) of what happened. They also consider possible motives for the crime.

✅report the crime
(جرمى را گزارش دادن)

✅investigate the crime
(جرم را تحت بررسى قرار دادن)

✅gather forensic evidence
(جمع اورى مدارك قضايى)

✅witnesses come forward
(داوطلب شدن شاهدان)

✅first-hand account
(گزارش دسته اول)

✅motives for the crime
(انگيزه براى انجام جرم)

? Police can arrest suspects who they believe have committed a crime – but the suspect can prove their innocence by providing a solid alibi – that means giving a confirmed explanation of where they were at the time of the crime. If it is never discovered who committed the crime, then the case remains an unsolved crime. The statistics about number of crimes in a particular area is called the crime rate. And when there is a big increase in the crime rate, we can call this a crime wave.

✅arrest suspects
(بازداشت كردن مظنونين)

✅prove their innocence
(بى گناهيشان را ثابت كنند)

✅providing a solid alibi
(ارائه دادن مدرکی محکم دال بر عدم حضور در صحنه جرم)

✅unsolved crime
(جنايت حل نشده)

✅crime rate
(ميزان جرم و جنايت)

✅crime wave
(موج جرم و جنايت)

?There are also a number of collocations we can use to describe criminals. A first-time offender is someone who has broken the law for the first time, whereas someone who has broken the law in the past has a criminal record. A criminal who is famous – like a serial killer (a person who has killed multiple people over time) or a person who is heavily involved in organized crime – can be called a notorious criminal.

✅first-time offender
(مجرم بدون سابقه)

✅has a criminal record
(سو پيشينه داشتن)

✅serial killer
(قاتل زنجیره ای)

✅organized crime
(جرم سازمان يافته)

✅notorious criminal
(مجرم بدنام، زبانزد)

✅a cold-blooded killer/murderer=
a person who doesn’t have feeling or emotion.
(قاتل سنگدل، بى احساس)

✅a crazed/psychopathic killer=
a killer who is insane or mentally unbalanced.
(قاتل روانى)

✅domestic violence=
when there is violence inside a home, for example, a husband beating his wife.
(خشونت خانگى)

✅drug trafficking=
the purchase, sale, and transport of illegal drugs.
(قاچاق مواد مخدر)

✅identity theft=
when a criminal steals an innocent person’s identifying information and uses it in an illegal way.
(سرقت هويت)

✅petty crime=
a minor crime
(جرم جزئى،كوچك)

✅armed robbery=
when criminals steal something, while using weapons.
(سرقت مسلحانه)

[/private]

? The government is responsible for passing laws (approving new laws to be put into practice), and the courts and legal system are in charge of upholding and enforcing the law (applying the law to the population).
When a person is charged with a crime (formally accused of the crime), he or she must appear in court to stand trial (be judged guilty or innocent). Both the prosecution and the defense will present their cases before the judge and jury. After consideration, the judge or jury will reach a verdict (arrive at a decision).

✅ passing laws
(تصويب كردن قانون)

✅ upholding
(تأييد كردن)

✅ enforcing the law
(اجرا كردن قانون)

✅ charged with a crime
(متهم شدن به جرمى)

✅ appear in court
(در دادگاه حاضر شدن)

✅ stand trial
(محاكمه شدن در دادگاه)

✅ reach a verdict
تصمیم گرفتن (هیئت منصفه یا قاضی) به حکم

?If there is irrefutable, overwhelming, or concrete evidence, this means that it is very obvious that the person committed the crime, and it’s possible that the jury will be unanimous be unanimous (meaning they all agree) in their decision. However, if the evidence is circumstantial or inconclusive (the evidence does not 100% prove the conclusion), then the decision will be more difficult – it’s possible to have a hung jury, which cannot agree on the verdict.

✅irrefutable, overwhelming, or concrete evidence
(مدارك قوى، محكم، انكار ناپذير)

✅jury will be unanimous
(هيئت منصفه متفق القول و هم راى خواهند شد)

✅ evidence is circumstantial or inconclusive
(مدارك يا شواهد فرعى يا غير قاطع)

✅ hung jury
(هيئت منصفه اى كه نميتوانند بر سر حكم توافق كنند)

? Less serious crimes will receive a light sentence (a small punishment) – for example, the offender may have to pay a fine or do community service. For more serious crimes, the person will probably go to prison – and especially heinous crimes can result in a harsh sentence such as life in prison (or life imprisonment) or, in some places, the death penalty.

✅light sentence
(حكم سبك)

✅pay a fine
(جريمه پرداخت كردن)

✅do community service
(انجام خدمات اجتماعى)

✅go to prison
(به زندان افتادن)

✅life in prison (or life imprisonment)
(حبس ابد)

✅death penalty
(مجازات اعدام)

?After the decision is made, the lawyers can choose to appeal the verdict (try to change the decision), and the case may turn into a prolonged legal battle as the courts decide whether to uphold or overturn the original verdict – “uphold” meaning to continue with the original decision, and “overturn” meaning to change the decision.

✅appeal the verdict
(در خواست تجديد نظر در حكم)

✅prolonged legal battle
(مبارزه حقوقى طولانى)

✅uphold
(تأييد كردن حكم)

✅overturn
(باطل اعلام كردن حكم)

✅original verdict
(حكم اصلى)

?As a convicted criminal is serving time (spending time in prison), he or she should remember the possibility of being released from prison early for good behavior, as long as they are not deemed a threat to society (possibly dangerous to other people).
A criminal who is released early is said to be “on parole,” meaning that he or she must comply with certain conditions after getting out of jail – such as getting a job and refraining from drug/alcohol use.

✅convicted criminal
(مجرم محكوم)

✅serving time
(وقت گذراندن در زندان)

✅released from prison
(ازاد شدن از زندان)

✅good behavior
(رفتار خوب)

✅threat to society
(ممكن است براى بقيه مردم خطرناك باشد)

✅on parole
(با عفو مشروط ازاد شدن)

[/private]

?When a war begins, we can say that war has broken out or violence has erupted in the region. When one country officially enters into a state of war, then they have declared war on the enemy country.
Sometimes, one country performs a pre-emptive strike (an early attack) against another – for example, if it suspects that the other country is stockpiling weapons (creating a collection of weapons) that will be used for a future attack. The other country may view this as an unprovoked attack (an unfair attack without a reason), and tensions may rise until the area is on the brink of war – meaning that war is very probable.

✅war has broken out or violence has erupted
(جنگ يا خشونت شروع شده است)

✅declared war
(اعلان جنگ كردن)

✅pre-emptive strike
(حمله پيشگيرانه)

✅stockpiling weapons
(انبار سلاح ها)

✅unprovoked attack
(حمله غير عادلانه و بى دليل)

✅tensions may rise
(ممكن است تنش افزايش يابد)

✅on the brink of war
( در آستانه جنگ)

?Sending in the military is often called deploying troops. The soldiers may be stationed/posted in a certain area to protect it, or they may launch an offensive in which they storm/invade enemy territory. When the soldiers begin firing their guns, we say that they opened fire.

✅deploying troops
(مستقر كردن سربازان)

✅be stationed/posted
(در پايگاهى مستقر شدن)

✅launch an offensive
(حمله نظامى كردن)

✅storm/invade enemy territory
(تهاجم به سرزمين دشمن)

✅opened fire
(شروع به شليك كردن)

?Unfortunately, the horrors of war affect everyone, as innocent people are always caught in the crossfire (in the middle of the violence without participating in it). Both sides are sure to suffer civilian casualties (when innocent people are injured or killed) and there will be collateral damage to the countries’ infrastructure. War also results in many refugees displaced by the violence; they may resettle in another area or flee to another country.

✅horrors of war
(تبعات وحشتناك جنگ)

✅caught in the crossfire
(در معرض درگیری نظامی یا تیراندازی قرار گرفتن بدون شركت در ان)

✅suffer civilian casualties
(تلفات افراد غير نظامى)

✅collateral damage
(صدمات جانبى)

✅refugees displaced
(پناهندگان آواره)

✅resettle
(جاى ديگرى در كشور ساكن شدن)

✅flee to another country
(فرار به كشور ديگر)

?If a particular battle was an important turning point in the war, then it is called a decisive battle. Sometimes another country intervenes and helps the two sides negotiate a truce/ceasefire (agree to stop fighting). If successful, this can restore peace – but it may be a fragile/uneasy peace. More work will still be needed to bring stability to the area and establish a lasting peace. Often, peacekeeping forces remain in the region to try to avert war (avoid war).

✅decisive battle
(نبرد سرنوشت ساز)

✅negotiate a truce/ceasefire
(براى اتش بس مذاكره كردن)

✅restore peace
(دوباره صلح برقرار كردن)

✅fragile/uneasy peace
(صلحى كه ممكن است هر موقع دوباره جنگ شود)

✅bring stability
(ثبات اوردن)

✅lasting peace
(صلح ماندگار)

✅peacekeeping force
(نيروهاى حافظ صلح)

✅avert war
(جلوگيرى كردن از جنگ)

[/private]

?One critical issue is preserving and protecting the environment. The burning of fossil fuels (oil, coal, and natural gas) produces greenhouse gases (gases that heat up the atmosphere) that deplete the ozone layer and result in global warming and climate change (changes in the earth’s temperature and weather patterns).

✅preserving and protecting the environment
(حفظ و محافظت از محيط زيست)

✅fossil fuels
(سوخت هاى فسيلى)

✅greenhouse gases
(گازهاى گلخانه اى)

✅deplete the ozone layer
(نازك شدن لايه اوزون)

✅global warming
(گرم شدن كره زمين)

✅climate change
(تغيير اب و هوايى)

?Some scientists believe that we have already done irreparable damage to the planet, and now we are suffering the consequences of rising sea levels and increasingly frequent natural disasters such as earthquakes, hurricanes, and tornados. A number of animal species have gone extinct, and many more are endangered. To reverse this trend, we must invest in clean energy (energy sources that do not pollute the environment) with renewable resources (elements like water and air, which can be re-used) and utilize manufacturing methods that are not harmful to the environment.

✅ irreparable damage
(خسارت غير قابل جبران)

✅rising sea levels
(بالا امدن سطح درياها)

✅natural disasters
(بلاياى طبيعى)

✅animal species have gone extinct
(گونه هاى حيوانات منقرض شده اند)

✅endangered
(در معرض انقراض)

✅renewable resources
(منابع تجديد پذير)

✅harmful to the environment
(مضر براى محيط زيست)

?There are still many regions of the world where children die of hunger/starvation (die from not having enough food). Unfortunately, extreme poverty is common in the rural areas of developing countries, where the population often suffers from food shortages (not enough food) and lack of access to clean water.

✅die of hunger/starvation
(از گرسنگى مردن)

✅extreme poverty
(فقر شديد)

✅developing countries
(كشورهاى در حال توسعه)

✅food shortages
(كمبود غذا)

✅lack of access to clean water
(عدم دسترسى به اب تميز)

?In the cities, homeless people sleep on the streets if there is not enough room in local homeless shelters. There are also many families on the margins of society (outside the dominant society and culture) who are living below the poverty line and struggle to make ends meet every month. Although many governments create welfare programs (programs that give money to poor people) to alleviate poverty, the widening gap between rich and poor suggests that poverty may never be completely eradicated.

✅homeless people
(مردم بى خانمان)

✅homeless shelters
(پناهگاه بى خانمان ها)

✅ on the margins of society
(در حاشیه جامعه)

✅living below the poverty line
(زندگى زير خط فقر)

✅welfare programs
(برنامه هاى رفاهى)

✅alleviate poverty
(كاهش دادن فقر)

?Poverty and underdevelopment contribute to a host of additional problems as well. For example, many people die of preventable diseases because they have no access the safe and effective vaccines that exist. A number of large corporations use child labor in the manufacturing of their products, as poor families may feel they have no other option for survival. In addition, young women from disadvantaged backgrounds (poor families and situations) are prime targets for human trafficking and sexual exploitation.

✅preventable diseases
(مريضى هاى قابل پيشگيرى)

✅safe and effective vaccines
(واكسن هاى موثر و ايمن)

✅ child labor
(كودك كار)

✅disadvantaged backgrounds
(شرايط و خانواده خيلى فقير)

✅human trafficking
(قاچاق انسان)

✅sexual exploitation
(سو استفاده جنسى)

[/private]

[private]

?Are you always in a rush, or do you take your time? Do you spend your time efficiently, or do you waste time and procrastinate important tasks – then stay up working until ungodly hours (very late at night/early in the morning)?

✅in a rush
(عجله كردن)

✅take one’s time
(عجله نكردن و با ارامش انجام دادن كارها)

✅spend time
(وقت گذراندن)

✅waste time
(وقت تلف كردن)

✅ungodly hours
(خيلى زود يا خيلى دير-زمان نامناسب)

?It has taken me ages (taken a very long time), but I’ve finally adopted some time-management habits:

Plan things well in advance and don’t underestimate the amount of time things will take otherwise you’ll end up being a slave to your grueling schedule (very intense schedule).

✅taken me ages
(مدت ها طول كشيد)

✅time-management
(مديريت زمان)

✅in advance
(از قبل/ از پيش)

✅amount of time
(مدت زمان)

✅grueling schedule
(برنامه زمانى خسته كننده و طات فرسا)

?Establish a timeline for major projects, so that you don’t leave things to the last minute and risk running out of time. Then, stick to the schedule and try to get ahead if possible. There’s nothing worse than falling behind on a project with a strict deadline (a definite date before which it needs to be finished).

✅Establish a timeline
(تعيين كردن جدول زمانى)

✅leave things to the last minute
(گذاشتن چيزها براى دقيقه نود)

✅running out of time
(وقت كم اوردن)

✅stick to the schedule
(به برنامه ريزى وفادار ماندن)

✅get ahead
(جلو زدن/ پيشى گرفتن)

✅falling behind
(عقب افتادن)

✅strict deadline
(اخرين مهلت دقيق و موكد)

?Take care of time-consuming tasks (things that take a lot of time) on a day when you have no pressing commitments (urgent appointments or things to do).

? Leave home and work a little earlier than normal to avoid rush hour (the time when there is a lot of traffic because everyone is going to work or coming home from work).

?Sleep for eight solid hours (eight hours without interruption) every night; you’ll wake up with more energy.

✅time-consuming tasks
(كار وقت گير)

✅pressing commitments
(قرارهاى كارى يا كارهاى اورژانسى)

✅rush hour
(ساعت پر رفت و امد و اوج ترافيك)

✅eight solid hours
(هشت ساعت كامل و بى وقفه)

?If you’re working from dawn till dusk (from the early morning to the late evening) and you have little or no spare/free time, it could mean that you’re overworked, and you should cut back on your hours (reduce your working hours) to free up some time (make more time available).

✅from dawn till dusk
(از سپيده دم تا غروب)

✅spare/free time
(اوقات فراقت)

✅cut back on your hours
(كاهش ساعات كارى)

✅free up some time
(وقت خالى كردن)

[/private]

[private]

?I woke up to the lovely sound of my wife playing the piano.
(pleasant)

I could hear the soft sound of their voices in the other room.
(neutral)

The fighting cats made horrible screeching sounds.
(unpleasant)

I can’t hear you; there’s a lot of background noise. Could you call me back? (neutral)

My car is making an annoying buzzing noise whenever I turn on the A/C. (unpleasant)

✅lovely sound
(صداى دلنواز)

✅soft sound
(صداى آرام و ملايم)

✅horrible screeching sounds
(صداى وحشتناك گوش خراش)

✅background noise
(سر و صداى اطراف)

✅annoying buzzing noise
(صداى وز وز ازاردهنده)

?If a noise or sound is very strong, we can describe it as a loud sound/noise – and if it is REALLY intense, then we can describe it as a deafening sound/noise. On the other hand, if we can barely hear it, then it is a faint or soft sound/noise. There’s also a muffled sound – when it seems that something is blocking the sound.

✅loud sound/noise
(صداى بلند)

✅deafening sound/noise
(صداى كر كننده)

✅faint or soft sound/noise
(صداى ارام)

✅muffled sound
(صدای خفه شده و ناواضح)

?Nature is full of noises, too – such as birds chirping and dogs barking. If you sit near the ocean, you can listen to the waves crashing. When you’re in a remote, deserted area, you might hear the wind whistling through the trees. And if there’s a storm, you’ll hear the rumble of thunder – or be scared by a sudden thunderclap.

✅birds chirping
(صداى جيك جيك پرندگان)

✅dogs barking
(صداى پارس كردن سگ)

✅waves crashing
(صداى امواج)

✅wind whistling
(صداى هو هوى باد)

✅rumble of thunder
(صداى رعد و برق)

[/private]

[private]

?When the sun sets (disappears below the horizon), everything grows dark. If there’s a full moon, then there will still be some light. But if there’s a crescent moon or a new moon, then it will be pitch dark/black (completely black) and you’ll be able to see the stars twinkling in the night sky.

✅sun sets
(خورشيد غروب ميكند)

✅grows dark
(همه جا تاريك ميشود)

✅full moon
(قرص ماه كامل)

✅crescent moon
(ماه هلالى)

✅new moon
(هلال ماه نو)

✅pitch dark/black
(كاملا تاريك)

✅stars twinkling
(ستاره هاى در حال چشمك زدن)

?To describe the strength of a light, you can use the words “bright” and “dim.” A fluorescent light bulb emits bright light, and the faint glow of a flickering candle is dim light. When light shines on an object, it makes the object cast a shadow. An area that protected from the sunlight is often called “the shade.” If you don’t want to get sunburned, it’s a good idea to sit in the shade.

✅fluorescent light bulb
(لامپ فلورسنت)

✅bright light
(نور روشن)

✅faint glow
(نور ضعيف)

✅flickering candle
(شمع در حال سوسو زدن)

✅dim light
(نور كم سو)

✅cast a shadow
(سايه انداختن)

✅sit in the shade
(در سايه نشستن)

?We use the expression “the sun is shining” to talk about the sun emitting light. If the light is so strong that it’s difficult to see, we can describe it as blinding sunlight – and if the light is not very strong, then it is weak sunlight.

✅the sun is shining
(خورشيد در حال درخشيدن است)

✅blinding sunlight
(نور خوشيد خيلى قوى)

✅weak sunlight
(نور خورشيد ضعيف)

?We use the word “lighting” to refer to a system of artificial lights, especially inside a house or building. A place can have bright/strong lighting or the opposite – soft/subdued lighting (a low level of illumination for artistic/romantic purposes). And along the highways and roads, we have street lights.

✅bright/strong lighting
(نور و روشنايى قوى )

✅soft/subdued lighting
(نور و روشنايى ضعيف)

✅street lights
(نور خيابان)

?If it’s nighttime and the power goes out (or there is a power outage – a lack of electrical power), then the city will be plunged into darkness. You can describe the darkness as complete/total darkness to emphasize that it is 100% dark. People will have to use flashlights or light candles to be able to see until the next morning when the sun rises/comes up.

✅power goes out or power outage
(برق قطع ميشود)

✅plunged into darkness
(در تاريكى فرو ميرود)

✅complete/total darkness
(تاريكى مطلق)

✅candle
(شمع)

✅sun rises/comes up
(خورشيد طلوع ميكند)

[/private]

[private]

? You can describe a color as light or dark – for example, someone can have light brown or dark brown hair. If a color is very intense, you can describe it as bright – for example, a bright red apple. If the color is not very intense, you can describe it as pale – for example, a pale green dress.

✅light
(رنگ روشن)

✅dark
(رنگ تيره)

✅light brown
(قهوه اى روشن)

✅dark brown
(قهوه اى تيره)

✅bright
(پر رنگ/جيغ)

✅pale
(كمرنگ)

?When you have something that is primarily one color, but with a little bit of another color included, we can use the word “tinge.” There are two ways to structure the sentence:

1-The flowers are yellow with a tinge of pink in the middle.

2-My cat’s fur is light gray with a slight brownish tinge.

You can also use this form – a color word plus –ISH – to describe mixes of colors. For example, “reddish brown” is a shade of brown with a strong portion of red, whereas “yellowish brown” is a shade of brown with a strong portion of yellow.

✅a tinge of pink
(يك رگه ى صورتى)

✅a slight brownish tinge
(رد كوچكى از قهوه اى)

✅reddish brown
(قهوه اى متمايل به قرمز)

✅yellowish brown
(قهوه اى متمايل به زرد)

?Some colors look good together – in this case, we can say that the colors match. Other colors look terrible together – in this case, we can say that the colors clash. When the color of a person’s clothes looks good with that person’s skin tone (color of their skin), you can say “that color suits you” or “that color looks good on you.”

✅the colors match
(رنگ ها به هم مى ايند/ هارمونى خوبى دارند)

✅skin tone
(تن رنگ پوست)

✅the colors clash
(رنگ ها به هم نمى ايند)

✅ “that color suits you” or “that color looks good on you.”
(اين رنگ بهت مياد)

[/private]

[private]

?First, let’s clarify the difference between “number” and “amount” – we use “number” with countable nouns, and “amount” with uncountable nouns.

A large number of people
A massive amount of damage
A significant number of countries
A considerable amount of money
A tiny number of computers
A miniscule amount of alcohol

✅large number
(تعداد زيادى/ شمار زيادى)

✅massive amount
(ميزان بسيار زيادى/ مقدار عظيمى)

✅significant number
(تعداد چشمگير/ قابل ملاحظه)

✅tiny number
(شمار بسيار كم)

✅miniscule amount
(ميزان اندكى)

?Numbers and statistics can increase or decrease (more formal), rise or fall (also formal) or go up and go down (more informally).

✅increase
(افزايش يافتن-بيشتر رسمى)

✅decrease
(كاهش يافتن- بيشتر رسمى)

✅rise
(افزايش يافتن-رسمى)

✅fall
(كاهش يافتن-رسمى)

✅go up
(افزايش يافتن- كمى غير رسمى)

✅go down
(كاهش يافتن- كمى غير رسمى)

?When a number goes up or down very fast, we can describe this as sharp or dramatic – for example, the sudden improvement in the economy has resulted in a dramatic drop in unemployment and a sharp rise in consumer spending. When a number goes up or down slowly, then we can talk about a gradual increase in population or a slow decline in the number of violent crimes. And if a number doesn’t change, then it remains steady or remains constant.

✅dramatic drop
(كاهش چشمگير)

✅sharp rise
(افزايش شديد و ناگهانى)

✅gradual increase
(افزايش تدريجى)

✅slow decline
(كاهش تدريجى)

✅remains steady or remains constant
(ثابت ماندن)

?We use the word “widespread” to describe something that is happening frequently in many places. For example, there being widespread dissatisfaction with the government, or a new book winning widespread acclaim in the literary world. A hurricane can cause widespread damage, and a presidential candidate can have widespread support among voters of a certain demographic.

✅widespread dissatisfaction
(نارضايتى گسترده / شايع)

✅widespread acclaim
(تشويق و تمجيد گسترده)

✅widespread damage
(خرابى گسترده)

✅widespread support
(پشتيبانى گسترده)

[/private]

[private]

?Want to become a better conversationalist? Here are a few tips for making small talk (talking casually about simple topics):

To strike up a conversation (start a conversation), you can make comments about the weather or the local surroundings.

Stay away from delicate subjects (sensitive topics) like religion and politics – you don’t want to get into a lengthy discussion (a long discussion) or have an argument (have a verbal fight).

✅making small talk
(گفت و گوى عادى/ خوش و بش)

✅strike up a conversation
(گفت و گو را شروع كردن)

✅make comments
(اظهار نظر كردن/ نظر خود را بيان كردن)

✅delicate subjects
(موضوعات حساس)

✅lengthy discussion
(بحث طولانى)

✅have an argument
(جر و بحث كردن)

?If there’s a lull in the conversation (a pause in the conversation) ask the other person a question about themselves.

If you tell a story, don’t go on and on (talk too much) – remember that you’re having a brief chat (a quick conversation); you’re not making a speech.

Be careful about cracking jokes – you might end up having to apologize profusely (apologize many times) if the person is offended.

✅lull in the conversation
(وقفه اى در گفتگو)

✅tell a story
(داستان گفتن)

✅go on and on
(زياد حرف زدن)

✅brief chat
(مكالمه مختصر)

✅making a speech
(سخنرانى كردن)

✅cracking jokes
(جك گفتن)

✅apologize profusely
(چندين بار عذرخواهى كردن)

?Having good communication skills can really improve your relationships. People appreciate it when you get straight to the point (talk directly about the essential message) rather than dropping hints (trying to communicate very indirectly).

Of course, nobody trusts a person who tells lies (says things that aren’t true) or stretches the truth (exaggerates and distorts the facts). If you always tell the truth, then people know they can count on you when you give your word (make a promise or statement of the truth).

✅get straight to the point
(سر اصل مطلب رفتن)

✅dropping hints
(خيلى غير مستقيم ارتباط برقرار كردن)

✅tells lies
(دروغ گفتن)

✅stretches the truth
(اغراق و تحريف واقعيات)

✅tell the truth
(حقيقت را گفتن)

✅give your word
(قول دادن)

?It’s also important to watch your tone of voice (the emotion with which you speak) and avoid making sarcastic remarks or disparaging comments (very negative and destructive comments). If you must make a complaint, try to give constructive criticism (criticism that helps the situation improve). And if you need to ask a favor of someone, always do it politely – don’t forget to say “Please”!

✅tone of voice
(لحن صدا)

✅sarcastic remarks or disparaging comments
(نظر طعنه اميز يا تحقيرامير)

✅make a complaint
(شكايت كردن)

✅constructive criticism
(انتقاد سازنده)

✅ask a favor
(خواهش كردن، درخواست يك لطف)

[/private]

[private]

?Successful Samantha has a long list of impressive accomplishments. It seems like everything she does ends up being a phenomenal success. In her very first job, she created a highly effective way to motivate the company’s employees, resulting in a dramatic improvement in workplace morale.

Now she’s developing a system for real-time translation among 100 different languages. If she can pull it off, it’ll be an unprecedented success (success in something for the first time in history) and the crowning achievement (best or most significant achievement) of her career.

✅impressive accomplishments
(دستاورد هاى تحسين برانگيز)

✅phenomenal success
(موفقيت فوق العاده)

✅highly effective
(خيلى مفيد، مؤثر)

✅dramatic improvement
(پيشرفت چشمگير)

✅unprecedented success
(موفقيت بى سابقه)

✅crowning achievement
(مهمترين دستاورد)

?So far, the program has enjoyed modest success (some limited success) but there is still room for improvement (potential for improvement). However, Samantha says that the team is making good progress, and that in the next month or two she hopes to make a breakthrough (make a sudden advance in success, especially when you overcome an obstacle).

Although Samantha is very ambitious, she’s also a very likeable person. She brings out the best in other people, and quickly wins the respect of colleagues.

✅modest success
(موفقيت نسبتاً كوچك)

✅room for improvement
(جا براى پيشرفت، امكان بهتر شدن)

✅making good progress
(پيشرفت خوبى كردن)

✅make a breakthrough
(پيشرفت بزرگ و مهمى كردن)

✅brings out the best
(موجب پيشرفت و تشويق و شكوفايى كسى شدن)
✅wins the respect
(احترام كسى را كسب كردن)

?Samantha’s brother, Disastrous Dan, is the opposite – everything he attempts seems to fail miserably. He wanted to be a doctor, but his teachers told him he wasn’t smart enough, dashing his hopes (making him abandon hope) of a career in medicine. He had the opportunity to do a prestigious internship in another country, but he lost his nerve (lost his courage) and turned down the offer.

He then applied for various jobs, but completely failed to show up to the interviews on time. He was eventually hired, but later lost his job during an economic downturn due to his mediocre performance (average work, not very special) and total lack of remarkable achievements.

✅ fail miserably
(به طور افتضاحى شكست خوردن)

✅ dashing his hopes
(باعث رها كردن ارزوهايش شد)

✅ lost his nerve
(شجاعتش را از دست داد)

✅ completely failed
(كاملا ناكام و ناموفق)

✅mediocre performance
(اجراى معمولى)

✅ remarkable achievements
(دستاورد چشمگير)

?Dan then tried to start his own software company to compete with Samantha’s; that was a spectacular failure. He invested his life savings in the business, despite all his friends telling him that it would be a recipe for disaster (very likely to result in disaster). His sales predictions were way off the mark (completely inaccurate), and the company went under (lost all its money and shut down) just eight months after it was founded.
Poor Dan – it seems like he’s doomed to failure (destined to be unsuccessful). But if all else fails (if everything is unsuccessful), he can always move into Samantha’s mansion as a last resort (a final possibility)!

✅ spectacular failure
(شكست بزرگ)

✅ a recipe for disaster
(داراى عواقب ناخوشايند)

✅ way off the mark
(كاملا نادرست)

✅ went under
(ورشكست شد)

✅doomed to failure
(محكوم به ناموفق بودن)

✅ all else fails
(به بن بست خوردن، در بدترين حالت)

✅as a last resort
(به عنوان اخرين راه چاره)

[/private]

[private]

?The word “cause” is primarily used with negative results: a storm can cause damage, a mechanical defect can cause a problem, unclear instructions can cause confusion, a political scandal can cause an uproar (a strong negative reaction/manifestation from the public), a high-risk sport can cause injury, and an infection in a hospital can cause death.

✅cause damage
(خسارت رساندن)

✅cause a problem
(مشكل ايجاد كردن)

✅cause confusion
(موجب گيج شدن و سردرگمى)

✅cause an uproar
(جنجال ايجاد كردن)

✅cause injury
(موجب صدمه شدن)

✅cause death
(موجب مرگ شدن)

?You can describe something as cause for concern or cause for alarm – meaning a reason for concern or alarm. For example, “The growing number of teenagers dropping out of school is cause for concern.” The word “alarm” is a little stronger and more urgent: “The rapid spread of the virus is cause for alarm.” One of the only positive collocations with “cause” is cause for celebration: “The opening of the new school was cause for celebration in the community.”
When analyzing a problem, you can identify the main/primary cause of the issue – but keep in mind that there may be hidden/underlying causes as well. The deepest or most fundamental cause is sometimes called the root cause.

✅cause for concern or cause for alarm
(عامل نگرانى)

✅ cause for celebration
(موجب جشن و سرور)

✅main/primary cause
(عامل اصلى)

✅hidden/underlying causes
(علل پنهانى)

✅ root cause
(علت بنيادين)

?Interestingly, we do not use the verb “cause” together with “effect.” Instead, we say that something has an effect – for example, “Television has a strong effect on public opinion.” Another way to say “a strong effect” is the expression a significant impact or a profound impact.

✅has an effect
(اثر گذاشتن، تأثير داشتن)

✅has a strong effect
(تاثير زيادى داشتن)

✅a significant impact
(تاثير قابل توجه)

✅profound impact
(تأثير عميق)

[/private]

[private]

?I’m trying to think of my earliest memory. I vaguely remember (remember a little bit, not in much detail) when my brother was born – I was three years old at the time – but I distinctly remember my first day of kindergarten, when I was around five.

When I look at photos, even more memories come flooding back (memories come to mind) – I remember my school, my classmates, and my teacher, who would constantly remind us to clean up the classroom, because we were always making a mess. I’d completely forgotten the teacher’s name, though, and my mother had to refresh my memory (remind me of a fact I’d forgotten).

✅vaguely remember
(به طور مبهم به ياد داشتن)

✅distinctly remember
(به وضوح به ياد داشتن)

✅memories come flooding back
(خاطرات را به ياد اوردن)

✅constantly remind
(مدام ياداورى كردن)

✅completely forgotten
(كاملاً فراموش شده)

✅refresh my memory
(تجديد حافظه كردم)

?I still have a lot of my toys from when I was a kid. They bring back fond memories (pleasant memories) of long afternoons spent playing with my brother. I also remember a family vacation to Switzerland when I was about eight – that was an unforgettable experience.

My most traumatic memory is of my uncle dying in a car crash when I was ten. He was only 32 years old – younger than my dad – and the memory of the funeral still haunts me (the sad/profound memory stays with me). I still wear a bracelet that was a Christmas present from him; it serves as a sobering reminder (it provides a serious reminder) not to take a single day of life for granted.

✅bring back fond memories
(خاطرات خوشى را به ياد اوردن)

✅unforgettable experience
(تجربه ى فراموش نشدنى)

✅traumatic memory
(خاطره دردناك)

✅memory of … still haunts me
(خاطره ى … هنوز مرا عذاب ميدهد)

✅sobering reminder
(به ياد آورنده ى جدى)

?Unfortunately, I have a terrible memory for peoples’ names, unless the name is unusual or particularly memorable. Just the other day, I was talking to an acquaintance from church and my mind went blank (I couldn’t think of anything) when I tried to think of her name. I racked my brain (tried hard to remember something), but nothing came to mind. My husband gently reminds me that I really need to pay more attention, because it makes a bad impression when I call people by the wrong name.

✅terrible memory
(حافظه افتضاح)

✅particularly memorable
(به طور ويژه به ياد ماندنى)

✅my mind went blank
(مغزم كار نكرد)

✅racked my brain
(به ذهنم فشار اوردم)

✅come to mind
(به ذهن رسيدن)

✅gently reminds me
(با ملايمت به من ياداورى میکند)

✅makes a bad impression
(تاثير بدى ميگذارد، بد برداشت ميشود)

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? When you agree with someone completely, you can say “I totally agree” or “I strongly agree.” Another way to describe 100% agreement is to say a person agrees wholeheartedly. On the other hand, you can say “I agree up to a point” if you agree with part of the person’s opinion, but disagree with another part. Another expression is “I agree in principle” if you agree with the idea, but not with the practical application.

✅I totally agree
(من كاملاً موافقم)

✅I strongly agree
(من شديدا موافقم)

✅agrees wholeheartedly
(از صمیم قلب موافق بودن)

✅I agree up to a point
(تا حدی موافق بودن)

✅agree in principle
(با ايده موافق بودن ولى نه با طرز انجام ان)

?Avoid the common error of saying “I’m agree.” The correct phrase is “I agree” (more informally) or “I’m in agreement” (more formally).

We can say that two people share an opinion or share a view if they have the same perspective. But if there are differences, then we call this a difference of opinion. If the difference of opinion is very big, then the two sides are said to be “worlds apart” on the issue. Hopefully, two people who think differently will be able to reach a compromise (agree on a fair solution) without having a heated argument (angry/intense argument) about the issue.

✅share an opinion or share a view
(نظر مشترك داشتن)

✅difference of opinion
(اختلاف نظر)

✅be “worlds apart”
(كاملا متفاوت بودن)

✅reach a compromise
(به توافق رسيدن)

✅heated argument
(جر و بحث شديد)

? One polite way to express your disagreement is: “I’m afraid I disagree.” You can also say “I see your point” to communicate the fact that you understand the other person’s idea or opinion. We call a small disagreement a minor/slight disagreement, and a big disagreement is a major/serious disagreement. It’s easy to reason with a person who disagrees respectfully, but it’s more difficult to settle a disagreement (resolve a disagreement) if the other person disagrees vehemently (with intense emotion and expression).

✅I’m afraid I disagree
(متأسفانه مخالفم)

✅I see your point
(متوجه منظور شما ميشوم)

✅minor/slight disagreement
(مخالفت جزئى)

✅major/serious disagreement
(مخالفت جدى)

✅disagrees respectfully
(محترمانه مخالفت كردن)

✅settle a disagreement
(اختلافى را حل و فصل كردن)

✅disagrees vehemently
(به شدت مخالفت کردن)

?If a conflict continues for a long time, it can be called a long-running dispute – and if it involves lots of angry and negative emotions, then it’s a bitter dispute. If the two sides cannot agree to disagree (tolerate the other person’s opinion, despite disagreeing), then they may need the help of a third party to resolve the conflict.

✅long-running dispute
(جر و بحث طولانى)

✅bitter dispute
(بحث شديد و تلخ)

✅agree to disagree
(توافق بر سر عدم توافق، تحمل عقیده دیگری علی‌رغم موافق نبودن با آن عقیده)

✅resolve the conflict
(حل و فصل كردن يك مشاجره)

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?When you strongly/firmly believe something, we can call it a deeply-held belief or an unshakable belief – the latter phrase implies that it would be difficult to convince you to change your mind. It’s possible to have a subconscious belief – a belief that you are not actively aware of. Your emotions can also color your judgment (influence your opinions/decisions).

✅strongly/firmly believe something
(قوياً باور داشتن به چيزى)

✅deeply-held belief
(باور محكم)

✅unshakable belief
(عقيده استوار)

✅subconscious belief
(باور ناخوداگاه)

✅color your judgment
(قضاوت کسی را تحت تاثیر قرار دادن)

?A lot of people believe in superstitions – irrational beliefs that have no basis in fact, like the number 13 being unlucky. Others have a blind faith (believe in something without thinking) in fate or destiny. When new evidence appears, it can either strengthen/reinforce your belief (make it stronger) or undermine/weaken your belief (make it weaker).

✅believe in superstitions
(به خرافات اعتقاد داشتن)

✅blind faith
(اعتقاد كوركورانه)

✅strengthen/reinforce your belief
(باور خود را تقويت كردن)

✅undermine/weaken your belief
(سست كردن باور خود)

?When forming your beliefs, be careful about making assumptions, which can lead to erroneous conclusions. False beliefs held by many people are called common misconceptions. Scientists and other researchers often publish material to help dispel misconceptions (eliminate them) – for example, “Contrary to popular belief, it’s not harmful to go swimming immediately after eating.”

✅making assumptions
(فرض و گمان كردن)

✅lead to erroneous conclusions
(به نتایج اشتباه منتهی شدن)

✅beliefs held
(به عقايدى پايبند بودن)

✅common misconceptions
(تصورات غلط رايج)

✅dispel misconceptions
(تصورات اشتباه را از بین بردن)

✅Contrary to popular belief
(بر خلاف باور عمومی)

?If you are completely sure about something, then you can describe it as “beyond/without a shadow of a doubt.” But sometimes doubts arise – or another person voices their doubts – thus making you reconsider. Maybe the doubts don’t even come from a fact, but you just have a sneaking suspicion – a persistent feeling – that casts doubts on things you previously assumed to be true.

✅beyond/without a shadow of a doubt
(بدون شك)

✅doubts arise
(شك و شبهه ايجاد شدن)

✅voices their doubts
(شك خود را بيان كردن)

✅a sneaking suspicion
(يك شك افزاينده)

✅casts doubts on
(زير سوال بردن)

?When you have a small doubt that persists and continues to bother you – this is called a gnawing/lingering/nagging/niggling doubt. This might be an indication that it’s time to rethink/ reexamine your beliefs – after further consideration, you just might arrive at a different conclusion.

✅gnawing/lingering/nagging/niggling doubt
(شك ازار دهنده و مداوم)

✅rethink/ reexamine your beliefs
(در عقايد خود تجديد نظر كردن)

✅further consideration
(ملاحظه بيشتر)

✅arrive at a different conclusion
(به نتيجه متفاوتى رسيدن)

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?How do you make a decision? Do you make lists of pros and cons (advantages and disadvantages) and carefully consider all the options… or do you trust your intuition (listen to your deep, instinctive feelings) and then make a choice based on your feelings?

✅make a decision
(تصميم گرفتن)

✅pros and cons
(جنبه هاى مثبت و منفى)

✅consider all the options
(تمام گزینه‌ها را در نظر گرفتن)

✅trust your intuition
(به حس درونى خود اعتماد كردن)

✅make a choice
(انتخاب كردن)

?If it’s an especially tough decision, you might want to ask for advice from a good friend. After discussing the issue in-depth (talking about it in a lot of detail) and listening to your friend’s suggestions, you can choose to either take their advice (implement their advice) or ignore their advice.

✅ tough decision
(تصميم سخت)

✅ ask for advice
(راهنمايى خواستن)

✅ discussing the issue in-depth
(مسئله‌ای را به طور جامع مورد بحث قرار دادن)

✅ take their advice
(نصيحتشان را پذيرفتن)

✅ ignore their advice
(ناديده گرفتن نصيحت)

?When you make a decision very quickly, we call it a snap decision. That’s somewhat similar to a spur-of-the-moment decision – a decision made spontaneously, without very much thinking or planning. If you do this, then you might need to defend your decision against people who believe it was an arbitrary decision (one determined by chance or impulse, not by logic or principle).

✅snap decision
(تصميم ناگهانى)

✅ spur-of-the-moment decision
(تصميم آنى)

✅defend your decision
(از تصميم خود دفاع كردن)

✅arbitrary decision
تصمیم غیرمعقول، تصمیم غیرمنطقی

?Some people remain undecided because they’re afraid to make a costly mistake (a mistake with serious negative consequences). In this case, weighing the possible outcomes (analyzing the possible future results) can be helpful. Other people are always questioning themselves and having second thoughts (reconsidering, doubting your previous decision) about the choices they’ve already made.

✅remain undecided
(مردد ماندن)

✅ costly mistake
(اشتباه پر هزينه)

✅weighing the possible outcomes
(نتايج احتمالى را سبك سنگين و ارزيانى كردن)

✅having second thoughts
(دو دل شدن)

? Although it might seem attractive to keep your options open as long as possible, you run the risk of waiting so long that you end up having no choice (being limited to only one course of action). It’s far better to develop sound judgment (the intelligent ability to decide things) so that you can make wise decisions (good and smart decisions) and be confident about them.

✅keep your options open
(گزینه‌ها یا انتخاب‌های خود را باز نگه داشتن، محدود نکردن)

✅ having no choice
(چاره اى نداشتن)

✅sound judgment
(قضاوت منطقى)

✅wise decisions
(تصميم عاقلانه)

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?“I’m a lifelong fan of U2 – they’re my all-time favorite band. In addition to the sheer enjoyment (pure pleasure) of listening to their music, I’m also a great admirer of Bono and his philanthropic work. He’s concerned not only with the fleeting pleasure (momentary enjoyment) of fame and fortune, but also with making a difference in the world. I hold him in the highest regard (have great respect for him) for this reason.”

✅ a lifelong fan
(هوادار هميشگى)

✅ all-time favorite
(مورد علاقه ترين)

✅ sheer enjoyment
(لذت مطلق)

✅ fleeting pleasure
(لذت زودگذر)

✅ hold him in the highest regard
(احترام فراوان برای او قائل شدن)

?“When my daughter was a baby, I noticed that she developed a particular liking for classical music, and when she was six I signed her up for violin classes. It was a real pleasure to see her obvious enjoyment of the lessons. She grew quite attached (strongly like/love over time) to her teacher, who says that she has the potential to turn her great love of music into a professional career. Now my daughter is 13 and lately she’s expressed a clear preference for the most difficult pieces of music – she says she wants a challenge.”

✅develop a particular liking for
(به چیزی علاقه ویژه پیدا کردن )

✅ real pleasure
(لذت واقعى)

✅ obvious enjoyment
(لذت اشكار و صريح)

✅ grew quite attached
(به چيزى يا كسى وابسته و علاقمند شدن)

✅ great love
(عشق بزرگ)

✅ clear preference
(اولویت آشکار، ترجیح صریح)

?“I took an instant dislike to Sam from the moment we were introduced. Within five minutes, he was talking about his deep dislike of foreigners – without knowing that my own parents were immigrants from Argentina. He said he had nothing but contempt (only hate) for people who abandoned their own countries to come to ours, and then began making horribly racist jokes and comments. I have no idea where Sam’s blind/irrational hatred (hatred without a logical reason) of foreigners comes from, but he seems to have developed a strong aversion (developed an intense dislike) to interacting with anyone who’s the slightest bit different from him. I try to be polite, but deep down I hate him with a passion (hate him a LOT).”

✅ took an instant dislike
(در نگاه اول چيزى را نپسنديدن )

✅ deep dislike
(بيزارى عميق و شديد)

✅ had nothing but contempt
(خيلى متتفر بودن)

✅ blind/irrational hatred
(نفرت كوركورانه و غيرمنطقى)

✅ developed a strong aversion
(تنفرش را بيشتر كرده است)

✅ hate with a passion
(خيلى زياد متنفر بودن)

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?When I told my family I wanted to be a professional musician, I faced a barrage of criticism (intense attack of negative comments) from my parents, who strongly disapproved of the idea. I’d had a feeling that they would only give their blessing (give their approval/support) to a more “traditional” career track.

I countered their criticism (argued against their criticism) by pointing out that I’d rather follow my passion and enjoy my job than get rich working a job I hated. Although they gave their grudging approval (angry and reluctant approval) to my enrollment in music school, I could tell by my father’s frown of disapproval (disapproving facial expression) that he wished I’d study law or medicine instead.

✅ barrage of criticism
(حمله انتقادى )

✅ strongly disapproved
(شديدا مخالف بودن )

✅ give their blessing
(موافقت خود را اعلام کردن (از چیزی) حمایت کردن)

✅ countered their criticism
(به انتقادشان پاسخ دادن)

✅ grudging approval
(موافقت بى ميل)

✅ frown of disapproval
(اخم مخالفت)

?The only person who encouraged me was my aunt, who thinks the world of me (has great respect and admiration for me) and has always offered enthusiastic support for my hopes and dreams. She heartily approved (completely and sincerely approved) of my plans and dismissed my parents’ criticisms as ridiculous.

✅ thinks the world of me
(بسيار دوست داشتن)

✅ enthusiastic support
(حمايت پر شور و اشتياق )

✅ heartily approved
(از صميم قلب موافقت كردن)

✅ dismiss
(رد كردن)

✅ criticisms
(انتقادات)

?My parents finally came around when I gave my first concert in Carnegie Hall, to a standing ovation (when the audience stands up and claps for an extended period of time). The critics had given my show rave reviews (extremely positive evaluations), describing it as an outstanding performance (an excellent, superior performance).

After seeing me on stage, my parents congratulated me warmly (congratulated me with love) and apologized for the scathing criticisms (very strong and hurtful criticisms) they had made in the past. Later, I heard them speaking highly of (saying good things about) my music to some of their friends. I had finally won their approval.

✅ standing ovation
(تشويق ايستاده)

✅ rave reviews
(نقد تمجيداميز )

✅ an outstanding performance
(اجراى عالى)

✅ congratulated me warmly
(به گرمى و از ته دل تبريك گفتن)

✅ scathing criticisms
(انتقاد تند)

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?A number of words in English are used metaphorically – with a meaning that is not exactly the same as their literal meaning. Usually they apply a quality of one word to another word. For example, when we say that something is lightning fast, we are using the quality of lightning (which is almost instantaneous) to describe something that is extremely fast.

Another example is the root of the problem – the literal meaning of the word “root” is the part of a plant or tree that is under the soil. The roots are what support and sustain the entire tree. Therefore, “the root of the problem” is the deepest, most basic or fundamental reason for the problem.

Many metaphors are related to elements in the natural world, such as light and dark, water, fire, and plants – in this lesson, you’ll learn 5 collocations in each category in next posts.

✅ lightning fast
(فوق العاده سريع)

✅ the root of the problem
(ريشه ى مشكل )

?WATER

You can say that ideas are flowing or conversation is flowing to describe when it is proceeding easily and naturally.

Water metaphors are often used to describe the movement of groups of people – you can say that people poured/streamed into the stadium (to describe continuous movement of large groups of people) or that people trickled into the church (when only a few people come, occasionally).

The expressions waves of disappointment or waves of sadness refer to strong feelings.

✅ ideas are flowing
(خلاقيت را حفظ كردن)

✅ conversation is flowing
(مكالمه را ادامه دادن)

✅ people poured/streamed
(حركت انبوهى از مردم)

✅ people trickled
(تعداد مردم كمى)

✅ waves of disappointment
(امواج نااميدى)

✅waves of sadness
(امواج ناراحتى)

? A heated discussion or heated debate is one that is very intense, often with negative emotions like anger.

If someone has a fiery temper, it means that when they get angry, they get VERY angry, and could possibly explode. There’s also the expression tempers flared to describe a situation when people began to get angry.

The verbs kindle and spark describe the act of starting fires. “Kindle” is usually used for starting positive things – something can kindle interest/enthusiasm/hope – and “spark” is usually used for starting negative things – something can spark outrage/controversy.

✅  heated discussion or heated debate
(جر و بحث جنجالى)

✅ fiery temper
(اخلاق زودجوش)

✅ tempers flared
(خشمگين شدن)

✅ kindle and spark
(شروع اتش- kindle استعاره از شروع چيزهاى مثبت و spark استعاره از شروع چيزهاى منفى)

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:close و shut تفاوت بين

✅Close and shut are the same for doors, windows, mouths, and eyes.

?Close the door / Shut the door so that the mosquitoes don’t get in.

?It’s cold in here; could you please close the window / shut the window ?

?She shut her eyes / closed her eyes as she began to meditate.

?Dan’s mouth was closed / shut.

?Note: The word “shut” can be used with a word that implies the action was noisy:

?She slammed the door shut.

?The wind made the gate bang shut.

?Note: The phrase “Shut your mouth!” is a rude way to tell somebody to stop talking.

✅Close (not shut) is used for shops, banks, etc. as well as for airports and roads that are not open or available at a particular time:

?What time does the bank close?

?The roads are closed due to construction. The shop is closing in 30 minutes.

✅We use expressions with “close” to refer to the end of an event or process:

?Let’s bring this meeting to a close.

?It appears that the economic crisis is drawing to a close / coming to a close.

?Messi scored a goal in the closing moments of the game.

تفاوت بین gain و win و earn:

 ✅The word win means to be #1 in a competition, or to receive an award.

?My soccer team won the game 3-1.

?I want to win the lottery!

?John won a prize in the science competition.

✅You can win a game, win a race, win a competition, or win the lottery. You can also win a medal (like in the Olympics), a prize, or an award. In conflicts, you can win an argument, win a battle or win the war.

✅The word earn means to get something in exchange for your work or effort.

?Sarah is a famous lawyer; she earns a lot of money.

?I’m not rich, but I earn a decent salary.

?My bank account earns 2% interest per month.

?The salesman earns a 10% commission on every sale he makes.

?The word gain means to receive/obtain or to increase (it may or may not be the result of work or effort).

?I’ve gained weight ever since I stopped exercising.

?Jack’s car gained speed as he drove down the mountain.

?This training has helped me gain insight into modern educational methods. In my last job, I gained a lot of experience.

?He has gained a reputation for complete honesty in his business dealings.

:save و keep تفاوت

?Save

is used for conserving something – you can save energy, save time, or save space. It can also be used for rescuing, as in the expression “save someone’s life.” The expression “save money” has two meanings – to conserve money by paying less, for example: “Coupons help me save money at the supermarket.” It also means to keep money for a long time, for example: “I’m saving money for my vacation in December.” In this second case, we often say “saving up money.”

✅save energy, save time, or save space
(ذخيره انرژى، زمان يا فضا)

✅save someone’s life
(جان كسى را نجات دادن)

✅save money
(١-پول جمع كردن ٢-پول را ذخيره كردن با كمتر خرج كردن)

✅saving up money
(پول جمع كردن)

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? keep

means to maintain something in your possession – for example, if someone gives you a jacket, and you try to return it, but the other person tells you to keep it. There are various other expressions using keep in the sense of maintaining or continuing:

✅keep trying = continue trying
(به تلاش ادامه دادن)

✅keep an eye on / keep track of = continue to observe/monitor a situation
(چشم از چيزى بر نداشتن)

✅keep in mind = continue being aware of something
(به خاطر سپردن)

✅keep in touch = maintain contact with a person
(در ارتباط بودن)

✅keep something clean/safe, keep someone happy/quiet = maintain the object or person in that state
(چيزى را تميز / ايمن نگه داشتن)

✅keep a promise = do the action that you promised to do
(سر قولى ماندن)

✅keep a secret = maintain a secret hidden, not tell it to anybody
(راز نگه داشتن)

: spend و pay تفاوت

?You spend money and time:

?I spent $100 on tickets to the baseball game.

?We spent three hours waiting in line to buy the tickets!

?You can also spend a period of time like the morning, afternoon, night, weekend, week, etc.

?I spent the weekend making repairs to the house.

?The students spent the afternoon volunteering at the animal shelter.

?You pay the request, bill, or demand for the money: pay rent, pay a fine, pay your bills, pay your taxes

?It’s also possible to use pay with quantities of money, but we use a different preposition:

?I spent $100 on the tickets. I paid $100 for the tickets.

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? TAKE

✅take a shower/bath
(دوش گرفتن)

✅take a class/test/exam
(كلاس برداشتن/ امتحان دادن)

✅take a bus/train/taxi
(با تاكسى/ اتوبوس/ مترو رفتن)

✅take a break / take a rest = pause from an activity in progress
(استراحت كردن)

✅take advantage of
(بهره بردن از)

✅take care of
(مراقبت كردن از)

✅take action
(اقدام كردن)

? PAY

In the previous lesson, you learned collocations with pay involving money. Here are some collocations with pay that have nothing to do with money:

✅pay attention = give attention, observe
(توجه كردن)

✅pay tribute = give honor or recognition
(تكريم كردن، تمجيد كردن)

✅pay someone a compliment = give someone a compliment
(از كسى تعريف و تمجيد كردن)

✅pay someone a visit = an informal way to say “visit someone”
(كسى را ملاقات كردن (غير رسمى))

✅pay (your) respects = express your admiration for someone (often used for someone who has died)
(اداى احترام (معمولا به كسى كه مرده است)

? BREAK

✅break a habit = stop doing a habit
(عادتى را كنار گذاشتن)

✅break a promise = fail to do what you promised to do
(قول را شكستن)

✅break the ice = (informal) initiate conversation and social interaction, especially in a group that is a little quiet or reserved
(يخ جمع را اب كردن و سر صحبت را باز كردن)

✅break the rules/law = disobey
(قانون شكنى كردن)

✅break the news to someone = tell someone important news (usually bad news)
(خبر بدى به كسى دادن)

? CATCH

✅catch a cold / the flu = when you get sick due to a bacteria/virus transmitted from another person
(سرماخوردن)

✅catch fire = when something begins to burn
(آتش گرفتن)

✅catch sight of / catch a glimpse of = get the opportunity to look at something
(چشم كسى به چيزى افتادن)

✅catch someone’s eye = make eye contact with someone
(توجه كسى را به خود جلب كردن)

✅catch the bus/train/subway = an informal way to say that you went on the bus, train, or subway
(سوار اتوبوس، مترو، قطار شدن)

? COME

✅come into force/effect = begin to have an effect
(عملى شدن، ترتيب اثر دادن)

✅come to an end
(به پايان رسيدن)

✅come to terms with = learn to accept someone or something
(كنار امدن، مواجه گشتن)

✅come under attack/scrutiny
(مورد انتقاد شديد قرار گرفتن)

✅come close = to approximate someone or something in a specific quality
(نزديك شدن به چيزى يا كسى)

? GET

As you learned in last lesson about changes, get can be used in the sense of “become”:

✅get married/divorced
(ازدواج كردن/ طلاق گرفتن)

✅get drunk/pregnant
(مست شدن/ باردار شدن)

✅get angry/scared/excited/tired
(عصبانى شدن/ ترسيدن/ هيجان زده شدن/ خسته شدن)

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?I’m teaching my grandmother how to use a computer. First I showed her how to start up and shut down the computer. Then, I helped her get online or access the internet so that she can check her e-mail. She quickly learned how to write and send messages, reply to an e-mail and forward an e-mail (send a complete e-mail that you received to a new person), but it was a little hard for her to remember how to attach a file to an outgoing message.

✅start up and shut down the computer
(خاموش و روشن كردن كامپيوتر)

✅get online or access the internet
(انلاين شدن يا دسترسى داشتن به اينترنت)

✅check her e-mail
(ايميلش را چك كند)

✅write and send messages
(نوشتن و ارسال پيام)

✅reply to an e-mail
(پاسخ به ايميل ها)

✅forward an e-mail
(انتقال ايميل)

✅attach a file
(ضميمه كردن يك فايل)

?We tried to log into her bank account online, but the bank’s website was down (the website was not functional, or was not online). There was a notice on the home page (the main page of the website) that they were doing some scheduled maintenance on the system – so we’ll try again tomorrow.

✅log into her bank account
(به حساب بانكى اش وارد شويم)

✅website was down
(وبسايت از كار افتاده بود/ كار نميكرد)

✅home page
(صفحه اصلى سايت)

✅scheduled maintenance
(سرویس برنامه‌ریزی شده)

?This afternoon, I’ll teach her how to use a search engine. I think she’ll really enjoy surfing/browsing the web (exploring the internet) and using social media. If she needs to do something more advanced, like burn a CD (put files from a computer onto a CD), then I can do that for her.

✅search engine
(موتور جستجو)

✅surfing/browsing the web
(در اينترنت گشت زدن)

✅social media
(شبكه هاى اجتماعى)

✅burn a CD
(سى دى رايت كردن)

?She’s a little bit afraid of pressing the wrong key and accidentally deleting an important file, but I told her that we can always recover the file from the recycling bin. I also explained that if the computer freezes or locks up (stops moving/functioning), she can simply restart/reboot the computer.

✅pressing the wrong key
(موتور جستجو)

✅accidentally deleting an important file
(در اينترنت گشت زدن)

✅recover the file
(شبكه هاى اجتماعى)

✅computer freezes
(سى دى رايت كردن)

✅computer freezes

✅restart/reboot the computer

?It’s also a good idea for her to back up her files (make an extra copy of the information) so that she doesn’t lose her data if the computer crashes (the computer breaks) and can’t be repaired. I installed a program that periodically runs scans for viruses and spyware to ensure that her computer hasn’t been infected.

✅back up her files
(بك آپ گرفتن از فايل هايش)

✅computer crashes
(از كار افتادن كامپيوتر)

✅install a program
(نصب كردن يك برنامه )

✅runs scans for viruses and spyware
( برای یافتن ویروس و جاسوس‌افزار اسکن کردن )

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?Before you begin writing a paper, it’s a good idea to make an outline (a list of points in an organized order) of the main points you plan to present. The next step is to gather evidence to support your claims, since your work won’t be credible if you propose a theory (or try to challenge or refute a theory – argue against an existing theory) without some proof.

✅make an outline
(درست كردن رئوس و طرح كلى مطالب)

✅main points
(مطالب اصلى)

✅gather evidence
(جمع اورى كردن مدرك )

✅support your claims
( ثابت كردن ادعاهايتان )

✅propose a theory
(نظريه اى را مطرح كردن )

✅refute a theory
(خلاف نظريه اى را ثابت كردن/ رد كردن يك نظريه)

?If your paper is going to touch on several issues (talk about several topics) then you’ll need to be especially organized. You can draw a distinction between topics that are different, or draw parallels between examples that are similar. Another way to organize your ideas is to show how they fall into different categories.

✅touch on several issues
(به چندین مسئله پرداختن )

✅draw a distinction
( تمايز قائل شدن )

✅draw parallels
(شباهت دو چیز (متفاوت) را نشان دادن  )

✅fall into different categories
(به دسته‌های متفاوت تقسیم شدن )

?After making your outline and gathering the supporting evidence you’ll use to make your case (present your argument), you can write a first draft (first version of the paper) in which you go into detail on the topic. Then, you revise the paper (make improvements to it) until finishing with the final draft.

✅make your case
(مطرح كردن استدلالتان )

✅first draft
( نسخه اول نوشته )

✅revise the paper
(مقاله را اصلاح كردن )

✅final draft
(نسخه نهايى نوشته )

?Let’s say you’re carrying out a study on market trends in developing countries. You can analyze the key factors (important factors) that are influencing the economy, showing how local politics play a role/part (have an effect) in shaping the country’s financial future. Including some specific items that are perfect examples and clear illustrations of your ideas will help prove your points.

✅carrying out a study
(پژوهشى را انجام دادن )

✅key factors
( عامل كليدى )

✅play a role/part
(نقشى را بازى كردن )

✅perfect examples
(نمونه هاى عالى )

✅clear illustrations
( توضيح قابل فهم )

✅prove your points
( ثابت كردن نكات خود)

?At the end of your paper, you should briefly summarize the material you presented and draw conclusions based on your research. The end of the article is also a good place to raise questions (present questions) for further study.

✅briefly summarize
(به اختصار خلاصه كردن )

✅draw conclusions
( نتيجه گيرى كردن )

✅raise questions
(سوالاتى را مطرح كردن )

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?The word “texture” refers to the way something feels, and there are many different collocations used to describe it. Let’s look at them in pairs of opposites.

Dry hair / Oily or greasy hair – You need to wash oily hair more often than you need to wash dry hair.

Dry skin / Oily skin – Oily skin is prone to acne, whereas dry skin often needs moisturizer.

A Smooth / Rough surface – Surfaces such as the ground, a road, and your skin can be smooth (with a consistent surface) or rough (with a varied surface).

✅Dry hair
(موي خشك)

✅Oily or greasy hair
(موى چرب )

✅Dry skin
(پوست خشك)

✅Oily skin
( پوست چرب )

✅A Smooth surface
(سطح صاف و هموار)

✅ A Rough surface
(سطح ناهموار و سفت )

?Calm / Choppy or rough water – The water of the ocean is calm when the weather is mild, and it is choppy/rough when there are high winds.

Hard / Soft object – A mattress or pillow, for example, can be hard or soft.

Tender / Tough meat – Meat that is “tender” is easy to cut and chew, and meat that is “tough” is difficult to cut and chew.

✅Calm water
(اب ارام)

✅Choppy/rough water
(اب متلاطم )

✅Hard object
(وسيله سفت)

✅Soft object
( وسيله نرم )

✅Tough meat
(گوشت سفت)

✅Tender meat
(گوشت نرم )

?A Sharp / Dull blade or point – A knife or a pencil can be “sharp” – meaning it can cut – or “dull,” meaning it has lost its ability to cut.

The verbs “soften” and “harden” describe the process of becoming soft and becoming hard. For example, potatoes soften when you cook them in boiling water. And snow hardens if the temperature decreases and the snow begins turning into ice.

We can also use “soften” and “harden” in a more metaphorical way – we can say a person’s voice softens when they begin speaking in a more friendly tone, and their voice hardens when they begin speaking in a less friendly tone. A person’s attitude or views can also “soften” (become more friendly/tolerant) or “harden” (become less friendly/less tolerant).

✅Sharp blade or point
(لبه يا نوك تيز چاقو، تيغ ،…)

✅Dull blade or point
(لبه يا نوك كند چاقو، تيغ ،…)

✅potatoes soften
(سيب زمينى ها نرم ميشوند)

✅snow hardens
( برف سفت ميشود )

✅voice softens
(صدا نرم ميشود )

✅voice hardens
(صدا محكم ميشود )

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? Today we’ll continue learning collocations related to the five senses, with expressions for describing different smells. Let’s begin by looking at some commonly confused words.

Aroma, scent, and fragrance all describe a good smell. You can talk about the wonderful aroma of a cake that has just been taken out of the oven, the fresh scent of flowers, and the sweet fragrance of a woman’s perfume.

✅Aroma/ scent/fragrance
(رايحه/ بوى خوب)

✅wonderful aroma
( بوى خيلى خوب و عالى)

✅fresh scent
(بوى طراوت بخش)

✅sweet fragrance
(رايحه مطبوع)

? The word smell is neutral; you can have the lovely smell of fresh-baked bread, or the horrible smell of rotting food. The word “smell” can be a noun or a verb – so you can also say “It smells delicious” or “It smells nasty.”

✅lovely smell
(بوى دلپذير)

✅horrible smell
( بوى خيلى بد)

✅It smells delicious
(بوى مطبوع و خوش مزه اى داشتن)

✅It smells nasty
(بوى خيلى بد (گند) داشتن)

? The words stench, stink, and odor all describe bad smells – there’s the foul odor of a dead animal, and the revolting stench of sewage. The unpleasant smell of a person who doesn’t take showers or use deodorant is called body odor.
Smells can “waft” – that means float through the air. For example, the mouth-watering scent of chocolate chip cookies wafted across the room. Another verb used with smell is “fill” – the acrid smell of smoke filled the hallway. Finally, if a smell stays in a place for a long time, we can use the verb “linger” the spicy aroma of her cooking lingered in the kitchen for hours.

✅foul odor
(بوى متعفن)

✅revolting stench
( بوى تهوع آور/ بوى زننده)

✅body odor
(بوى بدن)

✅mouth-watering scent
(بوى وسوسه انگيز)

✅acrid smell
(بوى تند)

✅spicy aroma
(بوى تند)

? To describe the strength of smells, you can say they are light/faint smells or strong smells. When a smell is extremely strong, you can say it is an overpowering smell. A smell that you recognize can be called a familiar smell, and a smell that is unique and easy to identify can be called a distinctive smell or an unmistakable smell.

✅light/faint smells
(بوى ملايم)

✅strong smells
( بوى شديد)

✅overpowering smell
(بوى خيلى شديد)

✅familiar smell
(بوى آشنا)

✅a distinctive smell or an unmistakable smell
(بوى خاص)

?Here are some additional collocations for describing smells:

✅earthy/fishy/fruity/metallic smell
(بويى كه شبيه به بوى [به ترتيب: خاك / ماهى / ميوه / فلز] است.

✅rancid/putrid smell
( بوى متعفن و گنديدگى)

✅damp/dank smell
(بوى نم)

✅a pervasive smell
(بوى نافذ و ماندگار)

✅a pungent smell
(بوى تند و تيز زننده)

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?Let’s begin this lesson by looking at the commonly confused words taste and flavor.

The word taste is often used as a verb, so you can say that a food tastes good or tastes bad. If you want to be a little more extreme in your description, you can say that a food tastes divine/heavenly (for an extremely good taste) or tastes gross/disgusting (for an extremely bad taste).

✅taste/ flavor
(مزه)

✅tastes good/ tastes bad
( مزه ى خوبى دارد/ مزه ى بدى دارد)

✅tastes divine/heavenly
(طعم معركه اى دارد)

✅tastes gross/disgusting
(طعم بسيار بد و چندش اور )

?Another expression is “it tastes funny” – that means it tastes unusual, with a negative connotation. For example, “This milk tastes funny – it might be past its expiration date.” It’s very common to say that something tastes like something else: “I had frog’s legs once – they tasted like chicken.”

The word flavor is typically used as a noun. We can say something has a nutty, fruity, cheesy, minty, or salty flavor to compare the flavor to another food (nuts, fruit, cheese, etc.) You can also use the word taste as a noun – for example: “This wine has a fruity taste / fruity flavor.”

✅tastes funny
(مزه عجيب دارد -با مفهوم منفى-)

✅tastes like
( مزه اش مانند… است)

✅nutty, fruity, cheesy, minty, or salty flavor
(طعم مغزدار، ميوه اى، پنيرى، نعنايى يا نمكى)

✅ a fruity taste / fruity flavor
(طعم ميوه اى )

?Flavors or tastes can also be described by category, or by the sensation they cause in your mouth – a bitter flavor, a sour taste, a sweet taste. When you enjoy the taste of something, and want to keep it in your mouth for a long time, we say you savor the taste.

The expression bland taste or bland flavor is a way to describe food with little flavor, with a negative connotation. For example – “These crackers have such a bland flavor that it feel like I’m snacking on cardboard.”

✅bitter flavor
(طعم تلخ)

✅sour taste
( طعم ترش)

✅sweet taste
(طعم شيرين)

✅bland taste
(بى مزه)

?If a food has a LOT of flavor, then it can be described as strong or rich – the strong flavor of garlic, the rich flavor of chocolate. When the level of flavor is low, it is a mild flavor or a subtle flavor. Both of these words have a positive connotation – “This cheese has a nice, mild flavor” or, “The subtle flavor of ginger adds a nice touch to this marinade.”

There are some foods that people usually don’t enjoy the first time they try them… but with time, people learn to like the flavor. A food like this can be described as an acquired taste.

✅strong flavor / rich flavor
( طعم قوى)

✅mild flavor / subtle flavor
(طعم ملايم)

✅an acquired taste
(طعم اكتسابى- طعمى كه مردم معمولا در ابتدا دوست ندارند اما با گذشت زمان ياد ميگيرند كه ان را دوست داشته باشند-)

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?English has a number of words that mean “fast” – but each one has different collocations.

Use fast to describe a vehicle, person, or action: a fast car, a fast train, a fast runner, work fast, drive fast, learn fast

✅a fast car
(يك ماشين سريع)

✅a fast train
(يك قطار سريع)

✅a fast runner
(يك دونده سريع)

✅work fast
(كار كردن سريع)

✅drive fast
(رانندگى سريع)

✅learn fast
(يادگيرى سريع)

?Use quick to describe an event or action: a quick lunch, a quick glance, a quick shower, a quick decision

Use rapid to describe a change: a rapid increase/decline, a rapid change, rapid growth, rapid progress

✅a quick lunch
(يك ناهار سريع)

✅ a quick glance
(يك نگاه اجمالى سريع)

✅ a quick shower
(يك دوش سريع)

✅a quick decision
(يك تصميم سريع)

✅a rapid increase/decline
(رانندگى سريع)

✅a rapid change
(يك تغيير سريع)

✅rapid growth
(رشد سريع)

✅rapid progress
(پيشرفت سريع)

?The word speedy is often used with recovery and resolution: a speedy recovery from surgery, a speedy resolution to the problem.

The word swift is often used with action, response, and reaction: The swift action of the police enabled the criminal to be caught immediately; we received a swift response to our request for information.

✅a speedy recovery
(يك بهبود سريع)

✅ a speedy resolution
(يك تصميم سريع)

✅ swift action
(اقدام سريع)

✅ a swift response
(يك پاسخ سريع)

?The word prompt means “fast and punctual” – it is often used with information and payment or customer service. For example, you can give a prompt reply to an e-mail, and receive prompt delivery of a product you ordered.

The word hasty means “fast and in a rush” – He made a hasty exit from the party when he saw his ex-girlfriend walk in. This word often has connotation of doing something without sufficient consideration. You might come to a hasty conclusion before considering all the evidence, and make a hasty decision that you’ll regret later.

✅a prompt reply
(پاسخ سريع و به موقع)

✅prompt delivery
(تحويل سريع و به موقع)

✅made a hasty exit
(با عجله خارج شد)

✅hasty conclusion
(نتيجه گيرى عجولانه)

✅hasty decision
(يك تصميم عجولانه)

?When you’re driving, you need to pay attention to the speed limit – the maximum velocity permitted. If you’re driving at breakneck speed (extremely fast), then you might need to slow down. If you get caught in a speed trap (where the police measure the velocity of passing cars), you might have to pay a speeding ticket (penalty for driving too fast).

✅speed limit
(سرعت مجاز)

✅at breakneck speed
(با سرعت خيلى بالا و خطرناك)

✅speed trap
(تله سرعت)

✅speeding ticket
(جويمه سرعت غير مجاز)

?Of course, you might need to put on a burst of speed (sudden increase in speed) to pass a car that’s moving at a snail’s pace (very slowly). If major construction is being done on the road, then traffic might slow to a crawl (slow down to a very slow speed) and eventually come to a standstill (stop completely).

✅put on a burst of speed
(افزايش سرعت دادن ناگهانى)

✅moving at a snail’s pace
(با سرعت حلزون(خيلى كند) حركت كردن)

✅slow to a crawl
(از سرعت چيزى بسيار كم شدن)

✅ come to a standstill
(كاملا توفق كردن)

?To talk about changes in speed, we can say something is gaining speed or speeding up (to describe moving faster) or losing speed or slowing down (to describe moving slower).

Finally, to talk about eating or walking in a slow and relaxed way, you can use the word “leisurely” After a leisurely breakfast, we took a leisurely stroll through the park.

✅gaining speed or speeding up
(سرعت گرفتن)

✅losing speed or slowing down
(كم كردن سرعت)

✅leisurely breakfast
(صبحانه ارام)

✅leisurely stroll
(پياده روى اهسته و تفريحى)

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?To talk about making small changes, you can say make adjustments, make alterations, or make modifications. More informally, you can say make tweaks – “We made a few tweaks to the website.” To talk about bigger changes, you can use the verbs “transform” and “revolutionize”:

The internet has revolutionized the way people communicate.

The city transformed the vacant lot into a playground.
(you usually “transform” one thing “into” something else)

✅make adjustments
(اصلاحات ايجاد كردن)

✅make alterations
(تغييرات ايجاد كردن)

✅make modifications
(اصلاحات و تغييرات جزئى ايجاد كردن)

✅make tweaks
(تنظيم و اصلاح كردن)

✅revolutionized
(دگرگون و متحول كردن)

✅transformed into
(تغيير به)

?When you put on different clothes, you change your clothes. When you remove a baby’s dirty diaper and put on a clean one, you change the baby’s diaper. When you reverse a decision or opinion, then you change your mind. And when you introduce a different topic of conversation, then you change the subject. When you change your religion, then we often use the verb convert – I converted to Christianity; my brother wants to convert to Islam.

✅you change your clothes
(لباس هايتان را عوض ميكنيد)

✅you remove a baby’s dirty diaper
(پوشك كثيف بچه را در مي آوريد)

✅you change your mind
(نظر خود را عوض ميكنيد)

✅you change the subject
(موضوع را عوض ميكنيد)

✅I converted to Christianity
(به دين مسيحيت گرويدن)

?Other verbs used for changes are “turn,” “become,” and “get.” Let’s look at their different collocations.

☑️Use turn with colors:

Bananas turn black if you put them in the refrigerator.

☑️You can also use turn into as a less formal expression for “transform into”:

Our living room couch turns into a bed.

☑️Use become with emotions and states of being, including comparative adjectives:

My sister became angry when she found out I’d broken her computer.

It’s becoming apparent/clear that the treatment isn’t working.

The band’s music became popular among teenagers.

It’s becoming more difficult to separate one’s personal and professional life.

You can also use become with professions: My brother became an actor.

✅Bananas turn black
(رنگ موزها سياه ميشود)

✅turns into
(تبديل ميشود به)

✅became angry
(عصبانى شد)

✅It’s becoming apparent/clear
(موضوع دارد اشكار ميشود)

✅became popular
(مشهور شد)

✅It’s becoming more difficult
(دارد سخت تر ميشود)

✅became an actor
(بازيگر شد)

?The word get can be used as a less formal alternative to “become” with emotions and comparative adjectives (but NOT with professions or states of being).

I’m getting excited about my upcoming trip to Spain.

It’s getting more expensive to rent a place in this neighborhood.

Will it ever get easier for me to understand movies in English?

✅getting excited
(هيجان زده شدن)

✅getting more expensive
(گران تر ميشود)

✅became angry
(عصبانى شد)

✅It’s becoming apparent/clear
(موضوع دارد اشكار ميشود)

✅get easier
(اسان تر شدن)

?We also use the word go in a few specific collocations involving changes:

go bald = lose your hair
go blind = lose your ability to see
go deaf = lose your ability to hear
go crazy/insane = lose your mental control

✅go bald
(كچل شدن)

✅go blind
(نابينا شدن)

✅go deaf
(ناشنوا شدن)

✅go crazy/insane
(ديوانه شدن)

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?Let’s get started with a common question: is there a difference between the verbs “start” and “begin”? There’s no difference in meaning – “I started studying English 3 years ago” is the same as “I began studying English 3 years ago” – but “begin” is a little more formal than “start.”

The phrase “let’s get started” is an informal way to announce the beginning of an activity. You can also say that something “got off to a good start” if it began well. Other collocations for a good start include an encouraging start or promising start – these expressions show that there is hope for good results in the future. For example, “The soccer team got off to a promising start, winning the first four games of the season.”

✅let’s get started
(بيا شروع كنيم)

✅got off to a good start
(به خوبى اغاز شدن)

✅encouraging start or promising start
(اغاز نويدبخش)

?If it is not so certain that there will be good results in the future, then you can say a shaky start or unsteady start – “The business had a shaky start in the second quarter of 2013, with sales numbers fluctuating daily.”

If the beginning of something did not meet expectations, you can call it a disappointing start – and if it was REALLY terrible, you can describe it as a disastrous start. “Kevin failed every single one of his first exams – his semester was off to a disastrous start.”

✅shaky start or unsteady start
(آغاز متزلزل)

✅disappointing start
(آغاز نااميد كننده)

✅disastrous start
(اغاز افتضاح)

?Sometimes things go so badly that you need to get out of the situation and have a completely fresh start or new beginning. When a successful person or company started without being famous or rich, then we say they had a humble/modest beginning.

✅fresh start or new beginning
(شروع تازه)

✅humble/modest beginning
(شروع محقر/ شروع تازه)

?تفاوت “finish” و “end”:
واژه “Finish” مفهوم كامل كردن چيزى را ميرساند، درصورتيكه “end” درباره ى يك وضعيت يا موقعيت مجهول است. مثل:

?I finished my homework.

?The semester ends in December.

?We need to finish the project.

?We ended our partnership with that company.

?Sometimes things go so badly that you need to get out of the situation and have a completely fresh start or new beginning. When a successful person or company started without being famous or rich, then we say they had a humble/modest beginning.

✅fresh start or new beginning
(شروع تازه)

✅humble/modest beginning
(شروع محقر/ شروع تازه)

?تفاوت “finish” و “end”:
واژه “Finish” مفهوم كامل كردن چيزى را ميرساند، درصورتيكه “end” درباره ى يك وضعيت يا موقعيت مجهول است. مثل:

?I finished my homework.

?The semester ends in December.

?We need to finish the project.

?We ended our partnership with that company.

? When you make the final changes to something before it is completed, we say you put the finishing touches on it.

Two expressions used to talk about ending something are come to an end or draw to a close. You can also say “the beginning of the end” to describe something that will probably end soon – “The explosion at the factory was the beginning of the end for our company.” In other words, the explosion began a process of the company failing and eventually shutting down.

When something ends quickly, then it comes to an abrupt/sudden end. On the other hand, when an activity appears that it will continue forever, then we say there’s no end in sight.

✅put the finishing touches on it
(تغییرات نهایی را روی یا در چیزی اعمال کردن )

✅come to an end or draw to a close
(نزديك به پايان شدن )

✅the beginning of the end
(آغازِ پايان چيزى)

✅abrupt/sudden end
(پايان ناگهانى)

✅no end in sight
(بى فرجام)

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?Read and listen to this news report about a corruption scandal in a large company:

Randy Fisher, president of the software company NewTech, is facing accusations of fraud by its chief financial officer, Brian King, who has openly accused Fisher of hiding millions of dollars of profit in offshore bank accounts in order to avoid paying taxes.

Fisher denies the allegations (says the accusations are not true) and clearly states that King has no evidence to substantiate his claims (prove his claims are true or reasonable)

✅facing accusations
(با اتهامات مواجه شدن)

✅chief financial officer
(مدير ارشد مالى )

✅openly accused
(به طور علنى متهم كردن)

✅denies the allegations
(اتهامات را رد كردن)

✅clearly states
(صريحا بيان كردن)

✅substantiate his claims
(به اثبات رساندن ادعاهايش)

?However, in a leaked document (a secret document that was accidentally released to the public) from the company’s internal archives, Fisher heavily implies (says indirectly but strongly) that the company is in fact much more profitable than it appears on paper. Some journalists are now spreading the rumor (transmitting the comment) that these “invisible” funds were used to finance Fisher’s recent real estate investments in Central America.

✅leaked document
(مدرك فاش شده)

✅heavily implies
(به طور ضمنی [غیرمستقیم] اما به شدت به چیزی اشاره داشتن  )

✅spreading the rumor
(پخش كردن شايعه)

?According to King, Fisher wanted him to participate in the illegal financial scheme, and became angry when King refused his offer. It is widely acknowledged (known by many people) that if Fisher were to resign, King would be the logical successor to the position of CEO. This has fueled speculation (created beliefs) that there may be an ulterior motive (a hidden reason) for his accusations.

✅refused his offer
(پيشنهادش را رد كرد)

✅widely acknowledged
(به طور گسترده مورد تایید / به طور گسترده شناخته شده)

✅fueled speculation
(موجب گمانه زنى شدن)

✅ulterior motive
(انگيزه پنهانى)

?NewTech’s public relations department has issued a statement affirming its total compliance with tax regulations. If indeed King’s claims are unfounded (his claims have no basis in fact), then he will probably face legal action for unjustly and maliciously accusing Fisher, thus resulting in damage to his reputation.

✅has issued a statement
(بيانيه صادر كردن)

✅claims are unfounded
(ادعا ها بى پايه هستند)

✅unjustly and maliciously accusing
(به ناحق و غرض وارانه متهم كردن)

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