پکیج کالوکیشن collocation in use

✅هر كالوكيشن يك جفت يا گروهى از كلمات هستند كه اغلب با همديگر به كار برده ميشوند.
اين تركيب كلمات به گوش انگليسى زبانان به نظر طبيعى ميرسد؛ اما زبان آموزان بايد براى يادگيرى انها تلاش كنند زیرا حدس زدن اينكه کاربرد چه كلماتى با هم صحيح و طبيعى است سخت است. برخى از تركيبات اگرچه از نظر معنا صحيح است اما براى خود انگليسى زبانان غير طبيعى است پس كاربرد اين تركيبات باهم غلط است. براى مثال اگر چه fast و quick هم معنا هستند اما در كاربرد:

✅fast cars
❌quick cars

✅fast food
❌quick food

✅a quick glance
❌a fast glance

✅a quick meal
❌a fast meal

يادگيرى كالوكيشن ها بخش مهمى از يادگيرى لغت و افزايش دامنه لغات در انگليسى است.
بعضى از كالوكيشن ها ثابت يا خيلى قوى هستند و هيچ كلمات دیگری بجز آنها نميتوانند جايگزين شوند براى مثال در عبارت take a photo هيچ كلمه ى ديگرى به جز take با photo قابل استفاده نيست.
ولى برخى ديگر از كالوكيشن ها به این شدت ثابت نیستند يعنى چند كلمه ى هم معنى ميتوانند با آن كلمات استفاده شوند و همه انها صحيح اند. براى مثال keep to the rules و stick to the rules هر دو صحيح اند. مثال هاى بيشترى از كالوكيشن ها را در ادامه ميبينيم:

You must make an effort and study for your exams.
(NOT do an effort)

Did you watch TV last night?
(NOT look at TV)

This car has a very powerful engine. It can do 200 km an hour.
(NOT strong engine)

There are some ancient monuments nearby.
(NOT antique monuments)

گاهى يك جفت از كلمات ممكن است كاملا اشتباه نباشند و مردم متوجه شوند منظور چه بوده ولى ممكن است نرمال و طبيعى نباشد براى مثال اگر كسى بگويد I did a few mistakes مردم مفهوم را متوجه ميشوند ولى كسى كه روان و درست صحبت ميكند به جاى ان عبارت ميگويد: I made a few mistakes.

✅تركيبات و اصطلاحات (Compounds and idioms):

➖تركيبات(compounds) دو يا چند كلمه ى معنى دار هستند. گاهى كلمات جدا نوشته ميشوند گاهى بينشان خط فاصله گذاشته ميشود و گاهى به صورت يك كلمه نوشته ميشوند. معمولا معناى تركيبات را ميتوان با يادگيرى معناى جداگانه هر كدام از كلمات فهميد. برخى از مثال هاى تركيبات:

car park
post office
narrow-minded
shoelaces, teapot

ولى به ياد داشته باشيد هميشه آسان نيست كه تركيبات و كالوكيشن ها را از هم جدا كنيم.

➖اصطلاحات(idioms): تركيبى از كلمات در يك ترتيب مشخص هستند كه معنايى دارند كه از معنای تک تک كلمه ها قابل حدس زدن نيست. براى مثال pass the buck يك اصطلاح است به معناى مسئوليت يك مشكل را گردن ديگرى انداختن و شانه خالى كردن که از معنای تک تک کلمات این اصطلاح نمیتوان به آن رسید.

✅اصلا چرا بايد كالوكيشن ها را ياد بگيريم؟

١-طبيعى ترين حالت استفاده از زبان را یاد‌‌ میگیریم براى مثال smoking is strictly forbidden طبيعى تر است از: smoking is strongly forbidden.

٢- به شما كلمات جايگزين را ياد ميدهد كه ميتواند صحبت شما را دقيق تر، تأثير گذار تر و متنوع تر كند. مثلا به جاى انكه very را در عبارات very cold و very dark تكرار كنيم ميتوانيم بگوييم:

It was bitterly cold and pitch dark.

٣- استايل نوشتار شما را در رايتينگ بهبود ميبخشد:
به جاى poverty causes crime, ميتوانيم بنويسيم poverty breeds crime;
به جاى a big meal ميتوانيد بنويسيد a substantial meal.
ممكن است در صحبت هاى عادى و غير رسمى نخواهيد كه از آنها استفاده كنيد ولى در نوشتار به متن شما تنوع ميبخشد و باعث ميشود خواننده آن را روان تر بخواند.

دو راه اصلى براى پيدا كردن كالوكيشن ها وجود دارد:

راه اول:

ميتوانيد به خودتان ياد بدهيد كه هر كجا انها را ديديد، خوانديد يا شنيديد كاربرد انها را ياد بگيريد. براى مثال در اين متن كوتاه انگليسى كالوكيشن هايى كه ارزش يادگرفتن را دارند پر رنگ شده اند:

After giving Mark a lift to the airport, Julie made her way home. What an exciting life he led! At times Julie felt desperately jealous of him. She spent her time doing little more than taking care of him and the children. Now her sister was getting divorced and would doubtless be making demands on her too. Julie had promised to give her sister a call as soon as she got home but she decided to run herself a bath first. She had a sharp pain in her side and hoped that a hot bath might ease the pain.

توجه كنيد:
سعي كنيد خودتان را عادت بدهيد كه هر كالوكيشن خوبى در هر متن انگليسى ميبينيد نت بردارى كنيد.

راه دوم:

كالوكيشن ها را ميتوانيد از هر ديكشنرى خوبى پيدا كنيد. مثل لانگمن، آكسفورد، كمبريج و … براى مثال اگر واژه sharp را در ديكشنرى پيدا كنيد اين كالوكيشن ها را با ان خواهيد ديد:

a sharp pain
a sharp bend/turn
a sharp contrast/difference/distinction
a sharp rise/increase/drop

توصيه ميشود هرگاه كلمه ى جديدى را در ديكشنرى سرچ ميكنيد چند كالوكيشن متفاوت را هم همراه با ان كلمه بنويسيد و ياد بگيريد.

2️⃣تثبيت كردن كالوكيشن ها:

بهترين راه ثبت كردن انها در ذهن، يادگيرى انها در يك عبارت يا در يك جمله است كه كاربردشان را نشان ميدهد. هنگام مطالعه كالوكيشن ها را با يك هايلايتر علامت گذارى كنيد يا زير انها خط بكشيد.

براى مثال:

I don’t have access to that kind of secret information.

يا:

Jim gave me a very useful piece of advice.

3️⃣يادگيرى كالوكيشن ها:

يادگيرى كالوكيشن ها خیلی متفاوت از يادگيرى تك كلمه ها نيست.
مهم ترين نكاتى كه بايد براى يادگيرى كالوكيشن ها بدانيد:

١- به طور منظم و هر چند وقت يكبار نوت هاى خود را مرور كنيد.

٢- سعى كنيد انچه را كه ميخواهيد ياد بگيريد در متنى به كار ببريد كه براى خودتان شخصاً مفهوم دارد و در ذهنتان ميماند.

٣- كالوكيشن ها را به صورت گروهى ياد بگيريد تا به شما كمك كند در حافظه تان بماند. ميتوانيد انها را به صورت مبحثى ياد بگيريد مثلا كالوكيشن هاى مبحث family.
يا اينكه ميتوانيد كالوكيشن هاى متفاوتى كه مربوط به يك كلمه است را ياد بگيريد.

براى مثال:

?I must find a way to help him.

?Can you find your way back to my house?

?I learnt the hard way that Jack can’t be trusted.

?Please tell me if I’m getting in your way.

?You must give way to traffic from the left.

?I’ve tried every possible way to get him to change his mind.

با استفاده از يك ديكشنرى خوب ميتوانيد كالوكيشن هاى هر كلمه را پيدا كنيد.
گاهى اين اطلاعات به صورت خاصى هايلايت شده اند. در غير اين صورت مثال هاى موجود در ديكشنرى ها شامل رايج ترين كالوكيشن ها ميشود.

مثلا در ديكشنرى (Cambridge Advanced Learner’s Dictionary (CALD كالوكيشن هاى رايج و كاربردى با كلمات پررنگ نوشته شده اند. براى مثال عكس زير مثالى از واژه pain و كالوكيشن هاى كاربردى ان در اين ديكشنرى است:

ديكشنرى همچنين ميتواند به شما بگويد ان كالوكيشن رسمى است يا غير رسمى. (formal or informal). براى مثال كالوكيشن to take somebody up on an offer يك كالوكيشن غير رسمى است.  ولى accept an offer ميتواند جايگزين رسمى ترى باشد.

توجه كنيد كه وقتى يك ديكشنرى را ميخريد يا دانلود ميكنيد مطمئن شويد كه اطلاعات مفيد و واضحى از كالوكيشن ها به شما ميدهد. وقتى كلمه اى را در ديكشنرى جست و جو ميكنيد اگر كالوكيشن هاى ان را نميدانيد حتما انها را هايلايت كنيد يا انها را يادداشت كنيد و مرتبا تكرار كنيد.

كالوكيشن ها انواع خيلى زيادى دارند كه در اين درس مهم ترين انها را بررسى ميكنيم:

1️⃣Adjectives and nouns

(صفات و اسم ها)

به صفت هاى زير كه با اسم هاى خاص و مخصوص خودشان امده اند توجه كنيد:

?Emma always wears red or yellow or some other bright colour.

(رنگ براق)

?We had a brief chat about the exams but didn’t have time to discuss them properly.

(گفتگوى كوتاه)

?Unemployment is a major problem for the government at the moment.

(مشكل بزرگ)

?Improving the health service is another key issue for government.

(مسئله ى كليدى)

2️⃣Nouns and verbs

(اسم ها و افعال)

توجه كنيد كه چطور اسم ها و فعل ها ميتوانند با هم استفاده شوند. مثال هاى زير از مبحث  economics and business هستند.

?The economy boomed in the 1990s.

(اقتصاد پر رونق شد)

?The company has grown and now employs 50 more people than last year.

(شركت رشد كرده است)

?The company has expanded and now has branches in most major cities.

(شركت گسترش پيدا كرده است)

?The two companies merged in 2013 and now form one very large corporation.

(دو شركت ادغام شدند)

?The company launched the product in 2012.

(شرکت محصول را معرفی كرد)

?The price increase poses a problem for us.

(يك تهدید محسوب شده است)

?The internet has created opportunities for our business.

(فرصت هايى ساخت)

3️⃣Noun + noun

(اسم و اسم)

براى مثال كالوكيشن هاى زيادى با الگوى  a … of … در اين نوع كالوكيشن ها وجود دارد:

?As Max read the lies about him, he felt a surge of anger.

(يك موج عصبانيت)

?Every parent feels a sense of pride when their child does well or wins something.

(يك حس غرور)

?I felt a pang of nostalgia when I saw the old photos of the village where I grew up.

(احساس دلتنگى)

4️⃣Verbs and expressions with prepositions

(افعال و عبارات با حرف هاى اضافه)

بعضى از افعال با عبارات ِحروف اضافى خاصى به كار ميروند. مثل:

?As Jack went on stage to receive his gold medal for the judo competition you could see his parents swelling with pride.

(با غرور نگاه كردن)

? I was filled with horror when I read the newspaper report of the explosion.

(سرشار از وحشت شدن)

?When she spilt juice on her new skirt the little girl burst into tears.

(به گريه افتاد)

5️⃣Verbs and adverbs

(افعال و قيدها)

بعضى از افعال قيد هاى خاصى دارند كه با هم مى ايند. براى مثال:

?She pulled steadily on the rope and helped him to safety.

(مداوم و محكم كشيد)

?He placed the beautiful vase gently on the window ledge.

(با ملاحضه گذاشت)

?‘I love you and want to marry you,’ Dylan whispered softly to Madison.

(به نرمى در گوشش پچ پچ كرد)

?She smiled proudly as she looked at the photos of her new grandson.

(با غرور لبخند زد)

6️⃣Adverbs and adjectives

(قيدها و صفات)

صفت ها هم گاهى قيدهاى خاصى دارند كه با هم به كار ميروند. براى مثال:

?They are happily married.

(ازدواج موفق)

?I am fully aware that there are serious problems.

(كاملا آگاه)

?Harry was blissfully unaware that he was in danger.

(شديدا نااگاه)

اغلب كالوكيشن ها درجه رسميت خاصى دارند. براى مثال عباراتى كه با pretty به كار ميروند به معناى نسبتا/تاحدی وقتى با يك صفت منفى استفاده ميشوند غير رسمى هستند و براى استفاده در اسپيكينگ مناسب می باشند. مثل:

انواع register:

1- Spoken English

مثال هايى از كالوكيشن هايى كه تقريبا منحصراً در اسپيكينگ به كار ميروند:

I’m bored stiff in this lesson!
(خيلى كسل)

You badly need a haircut!
(بدجور نياز داری)

I’ll have a think about it and let you know.
(يه فكرى ميكنم)

Give me a ring when you get home.
(يه زنگ بزن)

2- Formal English

بعضى كالوكيشن ها فقط نوعى از صحبت هاى رسمى هستند و بيشتر احتمال دارد كه در متن هاى رسمى و اغلب قانونى مثل اطلاعيه ها انها را پيدا كنيد. مثل:

3- Newspaper Englush

بعضى از كالوكيشن ها (به خصوص انها كه كلماتی كوتاه و اصطلاحى دارند) عموما در روزنامه ها پيدا ميشوند. در اغلب موارد نميتوان از انها در صحبت هاى روزانه استفاده كرد:

COMPUTER FACTORY TO AXE JOBS
(بركنار كردن كاركنان)

AIRLINE SLASHES PRICES
(بسيار قيمت را پايين اوردن)

Government spending will rocket this year
(افزايش يافتن مخارج)

POLICE CRACK DOWN ON SPEEDING
(پليس كمى شديد تر عمل ميكند)

POLICE QUIZ 16-YEAR OLD IN MURDER ENQUIRY
(سوال كرد)

FLU OUTBREAK HITS SOUTHERN EUROPE
(دچار شيوع انفلوانزا)

4- Business English

بعضى از كالوكيشن ها فقط در انگليسى تجارى به كار ميروند:

to submit a tender
(ارائه كردن مدركى كه پيشنهاد كار و شروع قيمت را بيان ميكند)

to raise capital
(گرفتن پول براى سرمايه گذارى)

to go into partnership with someone
(موافقت براى شراكت)

to start up a business
(شروع يك بیزینس)

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كالوكيشن هاى معروف و مهم do همراه با معنا و مثال:

?do your best
(بهترين خود را انجام دادن)

All that matters in the exam is to do your best.

?do damage
(آسيب زدن)

The storm did some damage to our roof.

?do an experiment
(آزمايش انجام دادن)

We are doing an experiment to test how the metal reacts with water.

?do exercises
(تمرين حل كردن)

We’ll do some exercises practising these collocations tomorrow.

?do someone a good turn / do someone a favour
(به كسى لطف كردن)

Could you do me a favour and pick me up some milk from the supermarket?
Jess did me a good turn by lending me her car while mine was in the garage.

?do harm
(ضرر داشتن و صدمه زدن)

Changing the rules may do more harm than good.

?do your hair
(درست كردن موهاى خود)

No, I’m not ready. I haven’t done my hair yet.

?do your homework
(تكاليف خود را انجام دادن)

My son has to do his homework straight after school.

?do the ironing/shopping/ washing, etc.
(اتو/ خريد/ شست و شو كردن)

I’ll do the washing if you do the ironing.

?do some work
(مقدارى كار كردن)

We’ll do some work on our project and then we’ll go to the cinema.

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كالوكيشن هاى معروف و مهم make همراه با معنا و مثال:

?make arrangements for
(برنامه ريزى كردن)

The school can make arrangements for pupils with special needs.

?make a change / changes
(تغيير/تغييرات ايجاد كردن)

The new manager is planning to make some changes.

?make a choice
(انتخاب كردن)

Amelia had to make a choice between her career and her family.

?make a comment / comments
(نظر دادن)

Would anyone like to make any comments on the talk?

?make a contribution to
(كمك كردن به)

She made a useful contribution to the discussion.

?make a decision
(تصميم گرفتن)

I’m glad it’s you who has to make the decision, not me.

?make an effort
(تلاش كردن)

Michael is really making an effort with his maths this term.

?make an excuse
(بهانه آوردن)

I’m too tired to go out tonight. Let’s make an excuse and stay at home.

?make friends
(دوست پيدا كردن)

Caroline is very good at making friends.

?make an improvement
(پيشرفت كردن)

Repainting the room has really made an improvement.

?make a mistake
(اشتباه كردن)

They’ve made a mistake in our bill.

?make a phone call
(تماس تلفنى گرفتن)

I’ve got to make some phone calls before dinner.

?make progress
(پيشرفت كردن)

Holly is making progress with all her schoolwork.

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كالوكيشن هاى معروف و مهم go كه ممكن است اشتباها با get به كار روند:

?Go is used for changes in people’s personality, appearance and physical abilities:

People go mad/bald/grey/blind/deaf.

(عصبانى/كچل/نابينا/ناشنوا شدن)

?Go is often used for sudden, usually negative, changes:

He was very embarrassed and his face went red.

(صورتش قرمز شد)

Suddenly the sky went very dark and it started to rain.

(آسمان خيلى تاريك شد)

?Go can also be used for slower colour changes:

The pages of the book had in gone yellow over the years.

(زرد شدند)

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كالوكيشن هاى معروف و مهم turn كه ممكن است اشتباها با get به كار روند:

?Turn often collocates with colours:

The sky turned gold as the sun set.
(آسمان خاكسترى شد)

When the tomatoes turn red, the farmers pick them and sell them.
(گوجه ها قرمز شدند)

The news gave his mother such a shock that her hair turned white overnight.
(موهايش سفيد شد)

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كالوكيشن هاى معروف و مهم become و get:

?كالوكيشن هاىGet و become اغلب مثل هم هستند ولى become رسمى تر است پس براى رايتينگ هاى رسمى و اكادميك مناسب تر است.

She gave up smoking when she became pregnant.
(حامله شد)

I would like to become involved in raising money for charity.
(مشاركت كردن در)

?همچنين get و become ميتوانند با صفاتى مانند صفات زير به كار روند: angry, bored, excited, depressed, upset, impatient, violent:

He became depressed after his wife’s death.
(دپرس شد)

?كلمات زير فقط با become به كار ميروند نه get:

extinct, (un)popular, homeless, famous.

Our local baker’s has become famous for its apple tarts.
(معروف شد)

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جايگزين هاى get و become:

She fell ill and was taken to hospital.
(مريض شد)

Everyone fell silent when they heard the shocking news.
(ساكت شدند)

As my father grew older, he spent less time working.
(پيرتر شد)

The noise grew louder and soon we realised it was a plane approaching.
(صدا بلندتر شد)

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كالوكيشن هاى get را در درس هاى قبل بررسى كرديم. در اين درس جملاتى را با get بررسى ميكنيم كه عموما توسط زبان اموزان در رايتينگ ايلتس نوشته ميشوند اما بايد از جايگزين هاى مناسب ديگرى استفاده كنند:

❌I was able to get new friends.

✅I was able to make new friends.

———————————————

❌A year ago he got a heart attack.

✅A year ago he had/suffered a heart attack.

———————————————

❌If I get a child of my own one day …

✅If I have a child of my own one day …

———————————————

❌I was getting crazy.

✅I was going crazy.

———————————————

❌In June, I got a baby, James.

✅In June, I had a baby, James.

[/private]

كالوكيشن هاى معروف و مهم have همراه با معنا و مثال:

?have an accident
(تصادف كردن)

Mr Grey had an accident last night but he’s OK now.

?have an argument / a row
(بحث و جدل داشتن)

We had an argument / a row about how to fix the car.

?have a break
(استراحت داشتن)

Let’s have a break when you finish this exercise.

?have a conversation/chat
(گفتگو داشتن)

I hope we’ll have time to have a chat after the meeting.

?have difficulty
(مشكل داشتن)

The class had difficulty understanding what to do.

?have a dream/nightmare
(خواب/كابوس ديدن)

I had a nightmare last night.

?have an experience
(تجربه داشتن)

I had a frightening experience the other day.

?have a feeling
(حسى داشتن)

I have a feeling that something is wrong.

?have fun / a good time
(خوش گذراندن)

I’m sure you’ll have fun on the school trip.

?have a look
(بررسى كردن/ نگاهى انداختن)

The manager wanted to have a look at what we were doing.

?have a party
(جشن گرفتن)

Let’s have a party at the end of term.

?have a problem / problems
(مشكل/ مشكلات داشتن)

Ask the teacher if you have problems with the exercise.

?have a try/go
(امتحان كردن)

I’ll explain what to do and then you can have a go/try.

[/private]

كالوكيشن هاى معروف و مهم pay همراه با معنا و مثال:

?pay attention
(توجه كردن)

You must pay attention to the teacher.

?pay a compliment
(از كسى تعريف و تمجيد كردن)

I was trying to pay her a compliment but she misunderstood.

?pay your (last) respects
(احترام گذاشتن در مجلس ختم)

At a funeral people pay their last respects to the person who has died.

?pay tribute [formal] (تكريم كردن)

When Jack retired, his boss made a speech paying tribute to all he had done for the company.

[/private]

به كلمات زير توجه كنيد اين كلمات هم معنى هستند ولى ممكن است در برخى جملات نتوان انها را به جاى هم استفاده كرد. براى مثال:

دو كلمه ى close و shut:

?Close:

The chairperson closed the meeting at 4.30.

⬅️با كلماتى مثل meetings/discussions/ conferences, etc از واژه close استفاده ميكنيم.

?Shut:

She was very rude. She said ‘Shut your mouth!’ [بى ادبانه]

?A dentist might ask you to close your mouth.

به طور كلى shut غير رسمى تر است.

دو كلمه ى start و begin:

?start

It was a cold morning and I could not start my car.

⬅️ واژه start رابراى موتور (engine) و وسايل نقليه استفاده ميكنيم ولي از begin نميتوانيم استفاده كنيم.

?begin:

Before the universe began, time and space did not exist.

⬅️واژه begin بيشتر رسمي است و در مفاهيم انتزاعى بيشتر كاربرد دارد.

دو كلمه ى big و large:

?big:

It was a big decision to make.

There were some big problems to solve.

?large:

I wanted the sweater in the large size but they only had medium.

 دو كلمه ى end و finish:

?end:

The film ended with the hero dying.

They ended their relationship a year ago.

[اينجا End به معناى تصميم براى تمام كردن است.]

?finish:

I haven’t finished my homework yet.

[واژه Finish اينجا به معناى كامل كردن است.]

[/private]

كلماتى كه معناى ‘old’ را ميدهند:

?I met an old friend the other day.

?It’s a very old building.

?She studied ancient history.

?In ancient times, life was very hard.

?This shop sells antique furniture.

?She collects antique jewellery.

[گران و قيمتى]

?I helped an elderly person who was trying to cross the road.

[واژه elderly مودبانه تر از old است.]

كلمات مترادفى كه معناى “تنها، يك، تك”می دهند:

?Donna is a single parent; it’s difficult for her to work full time.
(مادر يا پدر مجرد)

?He lives in a very lonely place/spot up in the mountains.
(مكان تنها)

?At first I felt desperately lonely when I moved from London to the countryside.
(به طور دپرس كننده اى تنها)

?I live alone, but I don’t like travelling alone; it’s nice to be with someone.
(زندگى به تنهايى- خريد كردن به تنهايى)

?There was just one solitary figure on the otherwise deserted beach.
(شخص منزوى)

?She was the sole survivor of the crash. Everyone else died.
(تنها بازمانده)

?I am an only child; I sometimes wonder what it would be like to have a brother or sister.
(تك فرزند)

?This is a unique occasion, with three past Prime Ministers all together in one room.
(مناسبت منحصر به فرد)

[/private]

?charge

I need to charge my phone.

[براى باترى يا كلا وسايل الكتريكى استفاده ميشود]

?load

They loaded the lorry and drove away.

[با كلماتى مثل: cargoes, lorries, vans, ships استفاده ميشود.
و براى اسلحه ها( weapons)]

?injure

Three injured people were taken to hospital after the accident.

[با كلماتى كه درباره انسان هاست به كار ميرود]

? damage

The shop tried to sell me a damaged sofa but I noticed it just in time.

[با اشيا به كار ميرود]

? grow

In the south the farmers grow crops.

[با كلمات crops, plants به كار ميرود]

? raise

In the north the farmers mostly raise cattle.

[با كلمات animals, children به كار ميرود.]

[/private]

در مثال هاى زير توجه كنيد چطور فعل spend با money و time به كار ميرود:

?We spent three days in the mountains. It was wonderful. (passed)

?If you buy a big car you’ll have to spend more money on petrol. (use)

?Last night I spent two hours watching TV. (stayed)

?I spent an hour looking for the keys before I found them in my bag. (passed)

[/private]

?You’ll need to take warm clothes when you go to Alaska. (carry)

?I always carry my mobile phone whenever I go out. (wear)

?She was wearing a hat. (carrying)

?He kindly offered to carry my bag for me.

?She’s wearing a dress. (using)

?He’s using a laptop.

[/private]

?gain

كلماتى كه با اين فعل مى ايند:

➡️power, control, access

مثال:

The Socialist Party gained control of the National Assembly.

?فعل gain معمولا با اسم هاى انتزاعى به كار ميرود كه دررابطه با مسئولان سياسى باشد

?gain [formal]

كلماتى كه با اين فعل مى ايند:

➡️a reputation, publicity, recognition, an advantage

مثال:

Her paintings gained recognition thanks to a major exhibition in New York.

?فعل gain با اسم هاى انتزاعى به كار ميرود كه به فرد گيرنده منافعى ميرساند.

?win

كلماتى كه با اين فعل مى ايند:

➡️an award, a prize, a medal, a match

He won a medal in the 2016 Olympic Games.

?فعل Win اغلب در متونى استفاده ميشود كه در رابطه با رقابت هستند.

?win

كلماتى كه با اين فعل مى ايند:

➡️a battle, a war, an election

The Conservative Party won the 2015 General Election.

?فعل Win اغلب در متن هايى استفاده ميشود كه در رابطه با دعوا و جنگ است.

?earn

كلماتى كه با اين فعل مى ايند:

➡️ a salary, money

 I earn $2110 a month.

?از فعل earn (درامد داشتن) زمانى استفاده ميكنيم كه داريم براى ان كار ميكنيم.

?make

كلماتى كه با اين فعل مى ايند:

➡️ a profit, money

 The company made a profit last year.

?از فعل make ميتوانيم در مواقع سرمايه گذارى يا غيره هم استفاده كنيم نه فقط با كار كردن.

?achieve

كلماتى كه با اين فعل مى ايند:

➡️ success, your goals, your aims

 It’s difficult to achieve success in international sport.

?از فعل achieve بطور عمده با اسم هاى انتزاعى استفاده ميكنيم.

? beat/ defeat

كلماتى كه با اين فعل مى ايند:

➡️ a team, an opponent

 He defeated his opponent in the tennis final.

?توجه كنيد كه:

You win a match but beat/defeat an opponent.

(با match فعل win را به كار ميبريم اما با opponent [حريف] فعل beat يا defeat را به كار ميبريم.)

[/private]

Words associated with fire and heat often suggest anger in English. A heated debate, a heated discussion or a heated conversation is one in which people disagree in an angry way with each other. If you say that someone has a fiery temper, you mean that they often get suddenly angry.

✅heated debate

✅heated discussion

✅heated conversation
(هر سه به معناى جر و بحث جنجالى)

✅a fiery temper
(خلق و خوى زود جوش)

The word flare means show a bright light in the dark. If you say tempers flared, you mean that people became angry with each other. Similarly violence flares up and troubles flare up. These all mean that problems which existed in the past suddenly become serious again.

However, not all metaphors relating to fire suggest anger. If you feel very embarrassed, your cheeks burn with embarrassment. A blaze is a very bright fire. We talk about a blaze of glory or a blaze of publicity meaning there is a lot of it and it is spectacular.

✅tempers flared
(خشمگين شدن)

✅violence flares up
(خشونت بالا ميگيرد)

✅troubles flare up
(دردسر بالا ميگيرد)

✅cheeks burn with embarrassment
(گونه ها از خجالت سرخ ميشود)

✅blaze of glory
(شعله ى شكوه)

[/private]

✅ideas flow, conversation flows

(جارى شدن ايده ها، گفتگو)

?It was a very successful meeting. The ideas flowed.

✅a flood / floods of tears, tears streaming down someone’s face

(سيل اشك ها كه از صورت كسى روانه ميشود)

?The little girl was in floods of tears. Tears were streaming down her face.

✅people pour/stream somewhere

(مردم جايى روانه /سرازير ميشوند)

?People poured out of the hall at the end of the lecture.

✅people trickle

(مردم به ارامى حركت ميكنند)
[معناى لغوى trickle چكيدن است]

?People trickled into the concert hall.

✅a stream of visitors/traffic

(جريان ترافيك، توريست ها [يعنى حركت به صورت ادامه دار ])

?There was a stream of traffic outside our room all night.

[/private]

Light in English is associated with happiness. So a face shines with pleasure and eyes shine with excitement or delight. If someone’s face lights up or their eyes light up, they show that they suddenly feel happy. If an atmosphere lightens or a mood lightens, it becomes more relaxed or cheerful than it was.

✅someone’s face lights up
(درخشيدن صورت از خوشحالى)

✅someone ’s eyes light up
(درخشيدن چشم ها از خوشحالى)

✅atmosphere lightens
(شادتر شدن جو)

✅mood lightens
(شادتر شدن مود)

Darkness is associated with unhappiness and negative feelings. Dark thoughts are gloomy or sinister ones and dark days or dark times are unpleasant times to live through. If someone’s face darkens or their eyes darken or someone’s expression darkens, then we know that that person is unhappy, often because they are feeling angry.

✅Dark thoughts
(استعاره از فكر هاى بد و منفى)

✅ dark days or dark times
(استعاره از روزهاى تيره و غمگين)

✅face darkens
(استعاره از صورت ناراحت)

✅eyes darken
(استعاره از چشمان غمگين)

✅someone’s expression darkens
(استعاره از حالت چهره ناراحت)

[/private]

?weather deteriorates
بدتر شدن هوا
[متضاد: improves]

?The weather is likely to deteriorate later on today.

واژه Deteriorate كمى رسمى تر است
عبارت weather is getting worse is غير رسمى تر است.

?thick/dense fog
(مه غليظ)

?patches of fog/mist
(تكه هاى كوچك مه)

?a blanket of fog [ادبى] (مه سراسرى و غليظ)

?fog/mist comes down
[متضاد: lifts] (مه پايين مى ايد)

?There is thick fog on the motorway.

?There are patches of fog on the east coast but these should li by midday.

?strong sun
[متضاد: weak] (نور خورشيد شديد و قوى)

?Avoid going on the beach at midday when the sun is strongest.

?heavy rain (NOT strong rain)
(باران شديد)

?driving rain
(باران تند و شديد)

?Road conditions are difficult because of the driving rain.

?heavy/fresh/crisp/thick/driving snow
(به ترتيب: برف سنگين/تازه/شديد و تند/لايه ضخيم/ برف و باد)

?The snow is lovely and crisp this morning.

?hard frost
(يخبندان شديد)

?There will be a hard frost tonight.
متضاد=
a light frost (NOT a so frost)

?high/strong/light/biting winds
(به ترتيب: باد زياد/ قوى/ كم/ باد بسيار سرد)

?the wind picks up
[متضاد: dies down]

?the wind blows/whistles
(وزيدن باد)

?The wind was light this morning but it’s picking up now and will be very strong by the evening. The wind was whistling through the trees.

?biting winds =
باد سردى كه شدت ميابد

[/private]

? Clara, Have you made your travel arrangements for the sales conference yet? If you want a good travel agent, I can recommend Atlas World. They specialise in business travel. Their number is 2587996. They’re very helpful.

Hi Mia, I’m finally here after an extremely tiring journey! The flight was three hours late, they lost my luggage, then there were no taxis at the airport. I hope my return journey is better! I’m at the Hotel Rex, room 1305, tel: 987745. Give me a call.

✅make travel arrangements
(برنامه ريزى هاى سفر)

✅travel agent
(آژانس هواپيمايى)

✅business travel
(سفر تجارى)

✅tiring journey
(مسافرت خسته كننده)

✅return journey
(برگشت سفر)

? Hi Natalie, I know next week is a business trip, but you must do some sightseeing too. I suggest we take a day trip to Canamuca. It’s about two hours by car, and we can take a boat trip to the island and have lunch there. Looking forward to seeing you. Safe journey .
David

?Nora, I got some travel brochures with details of camping trips. Want to meet for lunch to look at them? One of them is in Chile, but it’s a long overnight journey from the capital to get there, so maybe we should look nearer home?
Lorna

✅a day trip
(سفر يكروزه)

✅boat trip
(سفر با قايق)

✅Safe journey
(سفر به سلامت)

✅travel brochures
(بروشور هاى مسافرتى براى راهنماى گردش)

✅camping trips
(سفرهاى در طبيعت با چادر زدن)

✅overnight journey
(سفر در شب)

[/private]

? Flights

These collocations are all rather formal ones connected with flying:

Palair offers excellent in-flight entertainment, with the latest films and music.

The in-flight magazine includes maps and information about major airports.

[announcement by a cabin attendant] Ladies and gentlemen, we’ll shortly be landing at Dublin Airport. Please fasten your seatbelts.

The passenger boarded the plane on time, but it was delayed taking off and she missed her connecting flight in Amsterdam.

✅in-flight entertainment
(سرگرمى داخل پرواز)

✅in-flight magazine
(مجله هاى درون پرواز)

✅fasten your seatbelts
(كمربندهاى ايمنى خود را ببنديد)

✅boarded the plane
(سوار هواپيما شدند)

✅connecting flight
(پرواز غير مستقيم)

? Domestic flights are often more expensive than international ones. [flights within a country] Do you normally prefer a window seat or an aisle seat when you fly?

We managed to get a charter flight; it was half the price of the scheduled flight.
The weather en route is fine, and we anticipate a smooth flight to Stockholm today.
The opposite is a bumpy flight.

✅domestic flights
(پروازهاى داخلى)

✅window seat
(صندلى كنار پنجره)

✅aisle seat
(صندلى كنار راهرو)

✅charter flight
(پرواز چارتر)

✅scheduled flight
(پرواز سيستمى)

✅smooth flight
(پرواز ارام و هموار)

✅bumpy flight
(پرواز پرتلاطم)

[/private]

? Accommodation

We stayed in a small, family-run hotel.

The Panorama is a rather run-down hotel in a back street near the city centre.

The Palace is a luxury hotel on the main square of Porto Alegre.

I can’t afford to stay in smart hotels. I always have to look for budget accommodation. [very cheap] I’d advise you to make a reservation before you go. The hotels near the beach are very popular and get fully booked during the summer.

✅family-run hotel
(هتلى كه خانوادگى اداره ميشود)

✅run-down hotel
(هتل مخروبه)

✅luxury hotel
(هتل لوكس)

✅smart hotels
(هتل با تجهيزات اينترنتى و ديجيتالى)

✅budget accommodation
(محل اقامت ارزان)

✅make a reservation
(رزرو كردن)

✅fully booked
(كاملا رزرو و پر شده)

[/private]

? From my room I look out over the surrounding countryside. It’s very different from the familiar landscape I see from the windows at home. At home it’s a gentle landscape with open fields . Here it’s a bleak landscape with rocky mountains in the distance.

✅surrounding countryside
(مناطق روستايى اطراف)

✅familiar landscape
(منظره ى آشنا)

✅gentle landscape
(چشم انداز مطبوع و دلپذير)

✅open fields
(زمين پر از خانه يا چوب )

✅bleak landscape
(چشم انداز بى حفاظ و تاريك)

✅rocky mountains
(كوه هاى سنگى)

? Yesterday we followed a path down to the lake. As we turned a corner, we caught a glimpse of a kingfisher standing in the water. John tried to take a picture of it but it caught sight of us and flew off.

✅followed a path
(راهى را دنبال كردن)

✅ turned a corner
(كنار زدن، گوشه اى ايستادن)

✅catch a glimpse of a kingfisher
(نگاهى گذرا انداختن به يك مرغ ماهيخوار)

✅take a picture
(عكس انداختن )

✅ caught sight of
(چشم كسى به چيزى يا كسى افتادن)

? A little further on we rounded a bend and St John’s Abbey came into view. The Abbey fell into ruin about three hundred years ago. Although it lies in ruins, it is well worth seeing as it stands in a dramatic setting on a steep slope beside a fast-flowing river with mountains towering above it.

✅ rounded a bend
(پيچ جاده را پيچيديم)

✅ fell into ruin
(شروع به خراب شدن كرد)

✅ lies in ruins
(خراب شده بود)

✅ well worth seeing
(ارزش ديدن را داشت )

✅ dramatic setting
(صحنه ى دراماتيك )

✅ steep slope
(سراسيبى تند)

✅ fast-flowing river
(رودخانه ى خروشان )

✅ mountains towering
(كوه هاى سر به فلك كشيده)

? The cottage is in some wonderful unspoilt countryside on the edge of a dense forest . Unfortunately the trees block the view of the snow-covered mountains. It has a little garden with a stream at the end of it. The stream winds through the forest. They wanted to build a timber factory here but the local people said that it would destroy the countryside and, fortunately, their campaign to protect the environment succeeded.

✅ unspoilt countryside
(منطقه حومه شهر بكر)

✅ dense forest
(جنگل انبوه)

✅ block the view
(جلوى ديد منظره را ميگيرند )

✅ snow-covered mountains
(كوه هاى پوشيده از برف )

✅ stream winds
(رودخانه عبور میکند)

✅ destroy the countryside
(روستا را نابود ميكنند)

[/private]

✅ protect the environment
(محافظت كردن از محيط زيست )

[/private]

✅uninterrupted view
(ويويى كامل)

?From most rooms there are uninterrupted views of the castle.

✅panoramic view
(منظره سراسرنما)

?From the top floor restaurant diners have a panoramic view of the countryside.

✅spectacular view
(منظره تماشايى)

?From the balcony there is a spectacular view of the mountains.

✅enjoy/admire a view
(لذت منظره را بردن)

?We stopped for a few minutes to admire the view.

✅breathtaking scenery
(منظره نفس گير)

?The area has some breathtaking scenery – mountains, cliffs, lakes.

✅dominate the landscape
(تسلط و ديد وسيع داشتن به منظره)

?The castle dominates the landscape for miles around.

✅sandy beach
(ساحل شنى)

?The hotel has its own sandy beach.

✅secluded beach
(ساحل دنج و خلوت)

?You’ll love the secluded beaches.

✅golden sands
(شن هاى طلايى)

?You can wander for miles along the golden sands.

✅peaceful/tranquil countryside
(حومه شهر ارام و پر ارامش)

?You can quickly go from the hustle and bustle of the town to the tranquil countryside. [formal]

[/private]

The city skyline is a wonderful mix of old and new, and the city itself has a lot of busy, narrow cobbled streets. The old town is a conservation area and it has a lot of quaint old buildings dating back to the city’s foundation in the 1500s.

✅city skyline
(افق شهر)

✅cobbled streets
(خيابان هاى سنگفرش شده)

✅conservation area
(مناطق حفاظت شده)

✅quaint old buildings
(ساختمان هاى قديمى عجيب و غريب)

Doradella Street has a lot of upmarket shops and rather pricey , sometimes overpriced, restaurants, but not far away is the Genasia district, where you’ll find restaurants which offer good value and a more relaxed atmosphere.

✅upmarket shops
(مغازه هاى گران قيمت)

✅pricey / overpriced restaurants
(رستوران هاى گران/ بيش از حد گران)

✅good value
(قبمت مناسب/ مى ارزد)

✅relaxed atmosphere
(جو ارام)

Royal Avenue runs from north to south, and is lined with shops. Behind it, the streets are full of lively bars and fashionable clubs. The pavement cafés and shops of Luna Square are pleasant but very expensive.

✅Royal Avenue runs from
(خيابان رويال كشيده شده است از )

✅lined with shops
(با مغازه هاى كنار هم [سرتاسر خيابان])

✅lively bars
(بارهاى سرزنده)

✅fashionable clubs
(كلاب هاى مد روز)

As you drive into the city, the tree-lined avenues of the residential areas are soon replaced by the high-rise flats of the inner city . Then come the imposing buildings of the Parliament and government departments.

✅tree-lined avenues
( خيابان هاى سه لاين)

✅residential areas
(مناطق مسكونى)

✅high-rise flats

(آپارتمان هاى بلندمرتبه)

✅inner city
(مناطق مركزى فقيرنشين)

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Triope is a sprawling city with bumper-to-bumper traffic all day long. The exhaust fumes can be a nightmare. The volume of traffic has increased in recent years and the incessant roar of trucks and buses makes the city centre an extremely noisy place. The comfortable suburbs away from the city centre contrast sharply with the poor shanty towns one sees on the way to the airport.

✅sprawling city
شهر بزرگ و بى در و پيكر (بار منفى دارد))

✅bumper-to-bumper traffic
(ترافيك سنگين- سپر تو سپر)

✅exhaust fumes
(دودهاى اگزوز)

✅roar of trucks
(سرو صداى رفت و امد وسايل نقليه)

✅comfortable suburbs
(جايى كه تعداد زيادى از مردم به ان سفرميكنند براى شغل در شهر بزرگتر)

✅shanty towns
(حلبى اباد)

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January
You are good company but you may have a selfish streak .

February
You have an outgoing personality and a good sense of humour.

March
You have a vivid imagination, but you tend to lose your temper too easily.

✅good company
( همراه خوب)

✅selfish streak
(خصلت خودخواه)

✅an outgoing personality
(شخصيت اجتماعى)

✅good sense of humour
(ادم شوخ)

✅have a vivid imagination
(تخيل قوى داشتن)

✅lose your temper
(عصبانى شدن)

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April
You are highly intelligent with a razor-sharp mind.

May
You set high standards for yourself and are fiercely loyal to your friends.

June
The best aspect of your personality is the way you always put others first.

✅highly intelligent
( فوق العاده باهوش)

✅razor-sharp mind
(تيزهوش)

✅set high standards
(استاندارهاى سخت گيرانه اى براى خود تعيين كردن)

✅fiercely loyal
(به شدت وفادار)

✅put others first
(ديگران را در اولويت قرار دادن)

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July
Although you can be painfully shy in social situations, at work you give the impression of being supremely confident.

August
You have a tendency to make snap decisions.

September
You have a strong sense of responsibility and always keep your word .

✅painfully shy
( شديداً خجالتى)

✅give the impression of
(تداعى كردن، تصورى را به وجود اوردن)

✅supremely confident
(به شدت مطمئن)

✅have a tendency
(تمايل داشتن )

✅snap decisions
(تصميمات ناگهانى)

✅sense of responsibility
(احساس مسئوليت)

✅keep your word
(سر قول وحرف خود ماندن)

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October
You are good at keeping secrets and never bear a grudge .

November
You find it hard to keep your temper if you think someone is making a fool out of you .

December
You can be brutally honest and sometimes hurt others’ feelings.

✅bear a grudge
( كينه به دل گرفتن)

✅keep your temper
(خونسردى خود را حفظ كردن)

✅making a fool out of you
(مورد تمسخر قرار دادن)

✅brutally honest
(كاملا رك و راست )

✅hurt others’ feelings
(كسى را آزردن)

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?Behaviour: verb + noun collocations

✅play a joke/trick
(با كسى شوخى كردن)

?The children played a joke on the teacher by hiding under their desks before she came into the room.

NOT make a joke/trick

✅take a joke
(شوخى حاليش شدن)

?Fortunately, the teacher could take a joke and didn’t punish them.

✅swallow your pride
(غرور خود را زير پا گذاشتن)

?Isabella swallowed her pride and admitted that she was wrong.

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?Behaviour: verb + noun collocations

✅ throw a tantrum
(پرخاش و بدخلقى كردن)

? The child threw a tantrum when I wouldn’t buy him any sweets.

✅ lose your patience
(صبر خود را از دست دادن)

? Finally I lost my patience and shouted at her.

✅ come to terms with
(با كسى به توافق رسيدن)

? Nick has found it hard to come to terms with his illness.

✅ reveal your true character

(شخصيت واقعى خود را نشان دادن)

? Daniel’s failure to support her has certainly revealed his true character.

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✅ dumpy woman
(خانم چاق (غير رسمى)

✅portly gentleman
( اقاى هيكلى)

✅lanky youth
(جوان دراز و باريك)

✅dishevelled hair
(موهاى بهم ريخته و هپلى)

✅bears a striking resemblance
(كاملا شبيه به كسى يا چيزى بودن)

✅had striking appearance
(ظاهر جذاب و منحصر به فرد )

[/private]

✅round face
( صورت گرد)

✅droopy moustache
(سبيل بلند و خميده به پايين)

✅straight nose
(بينى صاف )

✅oval face
(صورت بيضى)

✅upturned nose
(بينى سر بالا)

✅slim figure
( هيكل لاغر)

✅slender waist
(كمر باريك)

✅lovely complexion
(رنگ پوست دوست داشتنى )

✅sleek , shoulder-length hair
(موى براق و بلندى تا شانه)

✅immaculately groomed
(به صورت تميز و مرتب اصلاح شده)

✅ordinary
(معمولى)

✅coarse hair
(موى ضخيم )

✅broad hips
(لگن پهن)

✅well-built
(ورزيده و خوش هيكل)

✅broad shoulders
(شانه هاى پهن)

✅going bald
(كچل شدن )

✅youthful appearance
(ظاهر جوان)

✅thick hair
(موى پرپشت)

✅bushy eyebrows
(ابروهاى پرپشت )

✅ chubby cheeks
(گونه هاى پر)

✅dark hair
( موى تيره)

✅jet-black hair
(موى مشكى براق)

✅went grey
(موهايش خاكسترى شد)

✅fair hair
(موى بلوند)

✅ginger hair
(رنگ موى قرمز – هويجى )

[/private]

Family relationships

Sociologists talk about nuclear and extended families. A nuclear family is just parents and children. An extended family is a wider network including grandparents, cousins, etc.

Close relatives are those like parents, children, brothers or sisters. Distant relatives are people like second cousins [the children of a cousin of your mother or father] or distant cousins.

✅nuclear families
(خانواده كوچك فقط پدرمادر و خواهر برادر)

✅extended families
( خانواده هاى بزرگ با مادربزرگ، خاله و…)

✅Close relatives
(فاميل هاى نزديك)

✅Distant relatives
(فاميل هاى دور)

Close/immediate family refers to people who are your nearest blood relatives: I don’t have much close/immediate family.

She’s a distant cousin of mine; she’s not a blood relative.

Close can also be used to mean that the relationship is a very strong one:

We are a very close family. or We are a very close-knit family.

✅Close/immediate family
(خانواده بزرگ صميمى و نزديك به هم)

✅blood relatives
( خويشاوندان همخون)

✅distant cousin
(دختردايي، پسرخاله، دختر عمه و … هاى والدين )

✅close family / close-knit family
(خانواده نزديك به هم)

loving, respectable, dysfunctional [unhappy, not working in a healthy way] Henry came from a respectable family, so Ella’s parents felt happy about the marriage.

✅loving family
(خانواده مهربان)

✅respectable family
( خانواده محترم)

✅dysfunctional family
(خانواده ناكارآمد و ناسالم )

⚜️Someone’s late husband/wife is one who has died.
An estranged [formal] husband/wife is one who lives in a different place and has a difficult relationship with their husband/wife. They may be having a trial separation and may eventually decide to get a divorce. In some cases it can be a bitter/acrimonious divorce. [full of anger, arguments and bad feeling] A person’s ex-husband/ex-wife is a man/woman that she/he used to be married to.

✅late husband/wife
(شوهر / زنى كه فوت كرده)

✅estranged husband/wife
( زن / شوهر دور و سرسنگين كه رابطه خوبى ندارند)

✅trial separation
(جلسه دادرسى به جدايى )

✅get a divorce
(طلاق گرفتن)

✅bitter/acrimonious divorce
( طلاق تلخ و پر از جدال)

✅ex-husband/ex-wife
(شوهر / زن سابق )

⚜️Children whose parents have separated or divorced are said to come from a broken home. If their family is a strong, loving one it can be called a stable home. If it is a poor one, not having the things that are necessary for a pleasant life, such as enough money, food or good living conditions, it can be called a deprived home.

A confirmed bachelor is a man who seems to have no intention of ever marrying.

✅broken home
(خانواده از هم پاشيده)

✅stable home
( خانواده با ثبات)

✅deprived home
(خانواده محروم و فقير )

✅confirmed bachelor
(مرد مجرى كه قصد ازدواج ندارد و راضى است)

[/private]

✅start a family
(تشکیل خانواده)

?They are hoping to start a family soon.

NOT begin a family

✅have children
(بچه داشتن)

?I’d like to have three children.

NOT get children

✅expect a baby
(در انتظار بچه دار شدن بودن)

Astrid is expecting a baby.

NOT wait (for) a baby

✅have a baby
(بچه دار شدن)

?Alyssa had her baby yesterday.

NOT get a baby

✅the baby is due
(بچه به دنيا مى آيد)

?The baby is due next week.

✅single parent/mother
(پدر يا مادر مجرد – ايا ازدواج نكرده است يا طلاق گرفته)

?It’s hard being a single parent.

✅raise / bring up children / a family
(بچه ها را بزرگ كردن)

?Violet had to bring up four young children on her own.

عبارت Raise a family بيشتر در امريكا رايج است نه انگليس

✅apply for custody of give/grant [formal] custody
(براى حضانت بچه اقدام كردن)

?The father applied for custody of the children, but the judge gave/ granted custody to the mother.

✅provide for your family
(نياز مالى خانواده را برطرف كردن)

?Nico works very long hours to provide for his family.

✅set up home
(خانه ى خود را برپا كردن)

?We live with my mum now, but we’ll set up home on our own soon.

[/private]

✅make friends
(دوست شدن)

?When you go to university you will make a lot of new friends.

❌NOT find friends

✅strike up a friendship
(گفتگویی را آغاز کردن )

?Nathan struck up a friendship with a girl he met on holiday.

✅form/develop a friendship
(رابطه دوستى تشكيل دادن)

?Audrey formed a lasting friendship with the boy she sat next to at primary school.

❌NOT make a friendship

✅cement/spoil a friendship
(تأثير بد گذاشتن روى رفاقت / محكم كردن رفاقت)

Cement= محكم كردن
spoil = تأثير بد گذاشتن

?Spending several weeks on holiday together has cemented their friendship.

✅a friendship grows
(رفاقت محكم ميشود/ رشد ميكند)

?We were at school together, but our friendship grew after we’d left school.

✅close/special friends
(دوستان نزديك)

✅mutual friends
(دوستان مشترك)

?I’m glad that our children are such close friends, aren’t you?

✅a casual acquaintance
(يك اشناى معمولى)

?I don’t know Santiago well. We’re just casual acquaintances.

✅have a good relationship with someone
(رابطه خوبى با كسى داشتن)

?Anna and Samantha have a very good relationship. They love doing things together.

NOT have a relation / relations with

✅keep in contact/touch
(در تماس / در ارتباط بودن)

?We must keep in contact when the course ends.

✅lose contact/ touch
(از دست دادن رابطه)

[/private]

A LOVE STORY

I fell madly in love with Anton from the moment I met him. It was certainly love at first sight. I knew at once that he was the love of my life but at first I was not sure if my love was returned or not.

✅fell madly in love
(ديوانه وار عاشق شدن)

✅love at first sight
(عشق در نگاه اول)

✅the love of my life
(عشق زندگيم)

✅love was returned
(دو طرفه بودن عشق)

Within a few days, however, he had told me that he was desperately in love with me too. A couple of weeks later, we realised that we wanted to make a commitment to each other and, when Anton asked me to marry him, I immediately accepted his proposal. I’m sure we will always love each other unconditionally . Neither of us would ever consider having an affair with someone else.

✅desperately in love
(به شدت عاشق بودن)

✅make a commitment
(تعهد دادن)

✅accepted his proposal
(درخواست ازدواج را قبول كرد)

✅love each other unconditionally
(بى قيد و شرط همديگر را دوست داشتن)

✅having an affair

(رابطه پنهانی داشتن)

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⚜️Are you looking to move into a flat or house next term? The Harmer Agency has a wide range of suitable accommodation. Call us on 4446677

⚜️Newly-built apartment available soon. Spacious accommodation, fully-fitted kitchen . Off-road parking. To let furnished or unfurnished. Would suit single academic or mature student. Tel: 3215786.

✅move into a flat or house
(جابه جايى به يك اپارتمان يا خانه ويلايى)

✅suitable accommodation
(محل اقامت مناسب)

✅Newly-built apartment
(اپارتمان نوساز)

✅fully-fitted kitchen
(آشپزخانه كاملا مجهز)

✅Off-road parking

(پارکینگ خارج از جاده)

[/private]

⚜️ Hi Mila, Luke and I have just moved into our dream home. It’s a big old four-storey house. It’s got a spacious living room which has a wonderful view of the park, and a cosy study where we can both work.

✅dream home
(خانه رويايى)

✅four-storey
(چهار طبقه)

✅spacious living room
(اتاق نشينمن جادارو بزرگ)

✅has view of the park
(ويو پارك را دارد)

✅cosy study
(اتاق مطالعه و كار دنج)

⚜️ Hi Julia, You’re so lucky! I’d love to move out of my awful one-room flat. It’s in such a dilapidated building. You go into a draughty hall, down a chilly corridor and into this really cramped room.

✅move out
(از جايى اسباب كشى كردن)

✅dilapidated building
(ساختمان قديمى و فرسوده)

✅ draughty hall
(سالن سرد)

✅cramped room
(اتاق تنگ و كم جا)

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⚜️ Collocations with home

She left home to go to university, but moving away from her family made her feel homesick. Peter’s back from a year abroad. His family are throwing a party to welcome him home.

(براى مهمانى كه تازه رسيده:)

Come in and make yourself at home while I finish getting dinner ready. [relax and make yourself comfortable] I haven’t lived in Oxford for long but I already feel at home here.
I’d like to buy a second home near the coast. [house used only for weekends, holidays, etc.]

✅left home
(خانه را ترك كرد)

✅feel homesick
(احساس غربت كردن)

✅welcome him home
(براى ورود به خانه از او استقبال كنند)

✅make yourself at home
(راحت باش/ خونه خودته)

✅second home
(خانه اى براى اخر هفته ها و تعطيلات)

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⚜️ Talking about types of food

Tom: Kids eat far too much junk food.

Lucy: Yeah, but it’s hard to get them to eat nourishing meals. They think they’re boring.
meals which make you healthy and strong

Sergio: Have you tried the new supermarket yet?

Jim: Yes. The fresh produce is excellent, and they have a big organic food section.

Sergio: Mm, yes. I actually think their ready meals are good too.
foods produced from farming, e.g. dairy produce, agricultural produce; pronounced / ‘ prɒdjuːs/ meals already prepared or which just need to be heated quickly before eating

✅junk food
(تنقلات)

✅nourishing meals
(وعده هاى غذايى مغذى)

✅fresh produce
(محصولات كشاورزى تازه)

✅ready meals
(غذاهاى اماده)

✅organic food
(غذاى ارگانيك)

⚜️ Liam: I can’t believe food additives are good for our long-term health.

Ryan: No, and I think processed foods in general are probably bad for us, not to mention GM foods!

substances added to food to improve its taste or appearance or to preserve it

foods which are changed or treated as part of an industrial operation genetically modified foods

Stella: The restaurant was leaving perishable food lying round outside the fridge, and some people got food poisoning, so the authorities closed it down.

Jaxon: Oh dear.

food which goes bad quickly, e.g. cheese, fish

✅food additives
(افزودنی های مواد غذایی)

✅processed foods
(غذاهای فراوری شده)

✅GM foods (genetically modified)
(غذاهاى اصلاح شده ژنتيكى)

✅perishable food
(غذاهاى خراب شدنى)

✅food poisoning
(مسموميت غذايى)

⚜️ OLD PORT restaurant:

Whether it’s a light meal or a substantial meal you’re looking for, whether you want a slap-up meal, a gourmet meal or just tasty, home-cooked food, there’s something for everyone in the Old Port restaurant area. Enjoy good food in a pleasant setting.

✅light meal
(غذاى سبك)

✅substantial meal
(غذاهای پرحجم)

✅slap-up meal
(وعده غذايى مجلل و فراوان)

✅gourmet meal
(غذاى لذيذ، خوش طمع و گران)

✅home-cooked food
(غذاى خانگى)

⚜️ Eva: Let’s find a café and have a quick snack. And I could really do with a refreshing drink.

Leo: I’m dying of hunger! I need a decent meal.

✅a quick snack
(يك ميانوعده سريع)

✅refreshing drink
(نوشيدنى سرحال كننده)

✅I’m dying of hunger!
(دارم از گشنگى ميميرم!)

✅decent meal
(يك غذاى مناسب)

[/private]

⚜️ OLD PORT restaurant:

Whether it’s a light meal or a substantial meal you’re looking for, whether you want a slap-up meal, a gourmet meal or just tasty, home-cooked food, there’s something for everyone in the Old Port restaurant area. Enjoy good food in a pleasant setting.

✅light meal
(غذاى سبك)

✅substantial meal
(غذاهای پرحجم)

✅slap-up meal
(وعده غذايى مجلل و فراوان)

✅gourmet meal
(غذاى لذيذ، خوش طمع و گران)

✅home-cooked food
(غذاى خانگى)

⚜️ Eva: Let’s find a café and have a quick snack. And I could really do with a refreshing drink.

Leo: I’m dying of hunger! I need a decent meal.

✅a quick snack
(يك ميانوعده سريع)

✅refreshing drink
(نوشيدنى سرحال كننده)

✅I’m dying of hunger!
(دارم از گشنگى ميميرم!)

✅decent meal
(يك غذاى مناسب)

⚜️ Eva: I know you have a healthy appetite, but you had a hearty breakfast only three hours ago! Well, how about having a soft drink and a bag of crisps now, and a proper lunch later?

Leo: Crisps will only spoil your appetite. Look, this restuarant looks good and the set menu is reasonably priced. Let’s go in.

✅healthy appetite
(اشتهاى زياد)

✅hearty breakfast
(صبحانه مفصل)

✅soft drink
(نوشيدنى غير الكلى)

✅spoil your appetite
(اشتهاى خود را كور كردن)

✅set menu
(متو ثابت)

✅reasonably priced
(قيمت معقول)

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When a new book or film comes out, newspapers and websites, like BookLikes and IMDb, will review it. The people who review the book/film are called book reviewers / film critics and they write book/film reviews.

✅a new book or film comes out
(كتاب يا فيلم جديدى بيرون مى ايد)

✅review
(نقد كردن)

✅book reviewers / film critics
(انتقاد كنندگان كتاب/فيلم)

✅write book/film reviews
(نقد كتاب يا فيلم را مينويسند)

We can say that a novel or film is based on a true story. We say that a book/film captures an atmosphere or that a book/film deals with a topic. We talk about the opening/closing scenes of a film and the opening/closing chapters of a book.

✅based on a true story
(بر اساس يك داستان واقعى)

✅book/film captures an atmosphere
(كتاب يا فيلم جوّى را توصيف ميكند)

✅book/film deals with a topic
(كتاب/فيلم به يك مبحث ميپردازد)

✅opening/closing scenes
(سكانس هاى آغازين يا پايانى)

✅opening/closing chapters
(فصل هاى اغازين يا پايانى)

We talk about the beginning and end of a book/film (NOT start and finish). If everything works out well for the central characters, we say that the book/film has a happy ending. You may recommend a book/film that you enjoyed to a friend. If a lot of people have enjoyed it, it is highly recommended.

✅beginning and end of a book/film
(اغاز و پايان يك فيلم يا كتاب)

✅central characters
(شخصیت های اصلی)

✅book/film has a happy ending
(كتاب/فيلم كه پايان خوشى داشته باشد)

✅recommend a book/film
(معرفى كردن يك كتاب يا فيلم)

✅highly recommended
(شدیدا توصيه شده)

[/private]

I’ve never had any desire to go on the stage myself but I’d love to produce a film. I think historical dramas work particularly well on the big screen and I’d love to make a film about Vikings in Britain. There’d be plenty of opportunities to use special effects during battle scenes. I’d want the male lead to be played by Hugh Jackman, while Jennifer Lawrence could have the female lead.

✅go on the stage
(روى صحنه رفتن)

✅the big screen
(سينما)

✅special effects
(جلوه هاى ويژه)

✅male lead
(نقش اصلى مرد)

✅female lead
(نقش اصلى زن)

Liam Neeson could play the role of a Viking warrior and I’d like Judi Dench to take on a cameo role. I’m sure that, as always, she would give an excellent performance. My dream is to make a film that would be nominated for an Oscar.

✅play the role
(بازى كردن نقش)

✅cameo role
(نقش افتخارى)

✅give performance
(اجرا كردن)

✅nominated for an Oscar
(نامرد اسكار شده)

Of course, I’d also like it to be an immediate box-office hit , playing to full houses worldwide.
Other strong collocations are cast a film [select the actors for a film], star in a film, shoot a film, make a film.

✅box-office hit
(فيلم موفق در گيشه)

✅full houses worldwide
(سالن سينما پر باشد)

✅cast a film
(انتخاب هنرپيشگان يك فيلم)

✅star in a film
(درخشيدن در يك فيلم)

✅shoot a film, make a film
(فيلم را فيلم بردارى كردن/ ساختن)

[/private]

✅be engrossed/absorbed in a book
(غرق شده در كتاب)

Claudia was so engrossed/absorbed in her book that she didn’t hear me.

✅compulsive reading
(بسيار جذاب و مسحور كننده براى خواندن)

Many people find articles about the private lives of film stars compulsive reading. [so interesting you can’t stop reading]

✅bedtime reading
(خواندن قبل از خواب)

I don’t think a horror story makes good bedtime reading.

✅an easy read
(اسان براي خواندن)

Detective stories are good for train journeys as they’re an easy read.

✅ download an audiobook / an e-book reader app
(دانلود كتاب الكترونيك يا اپليكيشن كتابخوان)

You can look up the latest book releases and download an audiobook from the iTunes store. I’ve just helped my mother download an e-book reader app on her tablet.

✅ flick/skim through a book
(سريع و سرسرى خواندن)

Mona flicked/skimmed through the book without reading it in detail.

✅ beautifully written
(به قشنگى نوشته شده)

The book is beautifully written – I highly recommend it.

[/private]

⚜️ Bloom Music from the Centre of the Earth (Palm records 234655)

New arrivals on the rock music scene, Bloom are already making a big impact. If you’re looking for background music, then this is not for you, but if you want music to blast out from your hi-fi and annoy the neighbours, then Bloom’s debut album, with tracks from their live performance at the Delaya Stadium, may be just what you want.

✅music scene
(صحنه موسيقى)

✅background music
(موسيقى متن)

✅blast out from
(با صداى خيلى بلند بيرون برود از)

✅debut album
(اولين البوم)

✅live performance
(اجراى زنده)

⚜️ Johnny MacRoy Songs we loved (Kase Phonograph 488792)

For fans of easy listening and catchy tones, this is all you need. In fact it’s so relaxing you might just fall asleep. MacRoy gives a sentimental performance of these old love songs. At 47, he’s not exactly a pop idol but his adoring fans will love it.

✅easy listening
(موسيقى گوش نواز)

✅catchy tones
(آهنگ جذب كننده)

✅give performance
(ارائه اجرا)

✅pop idol
(ستاره موسيقى پاپ)

✅adoring fans
(طرفداران مهربانش)

⚜️ The Divide Amphibian (Fono Corp 3321978)

This is a rock symphony, an extraordinary piece of music. After their massive hit in 2015 with Megalith, their record company has released this album hoping for another big hit. The band themselves wrote the music. They have a huge following and are due to go on tour later this year.

✅piece of music
(قطعه موسيقى)

✅massive hit
(ترانه محبوب و موفق)

✅released
(منتشر شد)

✅huge following
(هواداران خيلى زياد)

✅go on tour
(رفتن به تور)

⚜️ The Oxbridge Symphonia British classics old and new (Rotor Records 775537)

Haunting melodies and the occasional virtuoso performance from its two soloists mark this collection of popular British classical music, which aims to capture a wider audience for the classics and to promote Britain’s musical heritage.

✅Haunting melodies
(ملودى تأثير گذار و فراموش نشدنى)

✅occasional virtuoso performance
(اجراى مناسبتى هنرمندانه)

✅capture a wider audience
(جذب مخاطبان زيادى)

✅musical heritage
(ميراث موسيقى)

⚜️ Roger Crow conducts the orchestra. Crow himself composed two of the pieces, hence the title. Good birthday present for your uncle and aunt. But if you’re a real classical music lover, save your money.

✅conducts the orchestra
(رهبرى كردن گروه اركست)

✅composed pieces
(ساختن قطعه هاى موسيقى)

✅music lover
(دوستدار موسيقى)

⚜️ BUST-OUT WITH JOLA V BLAZE MAMA (Presto 58843)

Bust-out’s new double album features Jola V, a young rap artist from Miami. Jola used to be with Chicago hip-hop band Frenzy, but went solo in 2015. The band have remixed four tracks from earlier albums and Jola’s up-tempo numbers just add to the excitement.

✅rap artist
(خواننده رپ)

✅solo
(تك خوانى)

✅remixed
(ريميكس كرده اند/ اهنگ را مجدد تنظيم كرده اند)

✅up-tempo
(ريتم تند)

[/private]

⚜️ Playing music

I saw Martin strumming a guitar the other day. I didn’t know he could play.

He can’t. He just likes people to think he can. He’s got no musical talent whatsoever.

I’ve taken up the guitar. I’ve had three lessons so far.

That’s great. I love live music. What can you play?

Well, the first week was all about tuning the instrument. I’ve got to play a piece for my teacher next week.

✅strumming a guitar
(گيتار نواختن)

✅musical talent
(استعداد موسيقيايى)

✅taken up the guitar
(يادگيرى گيتار را شروع كردن)

✅live music
(اجراى زنده)

✅tuning the instrument
(كوك كردن ساز)

✅play a piece
(قطعه اى را نواحتن)

[/private]

✅do

gymnastics, judo, weightlifting, aerobics, yoga, wrestling, circuit training, archery, athletics

✅play

games, badminton, billiards, hockey, bowls, rugby, golf, (table) tennis, cricket, baseball, chess,
darts, cards, dominoes

✅go

fishing, skiing, bowling, cycling, skateboarding, surfing, snowboarding, hang-gliding, climbing, hill walking, sailing, jogging, swimming

⚜️اشتباهات رايج در كاربرد كالوكيشن هاى مبحث ورزش

✅● You do or play sport. (NOT make sport)

✅● You do exercises. (NOT make exercises)

✅● You play computer or other games. (NOT do games)

✅● You have/play a game of cards. (NOT make a game)

✅● You go skiing. (NOT make skiing)

✅● You do activities. (NOT make or practise activities)

[/private]

Sportsmen and sportswomen want to win matches, not lose matches. But you can’t win all the time! Sometimes a team or player deserves to win, but gets narrowly defeated/beaten.

✅win matches
(برنده شدن مسابقات)

✅lose matches
(باختن در مسابقات)

✅deserves to win
(لياقت برنده شدن را دارد)

✅gets narrowly defeated/beaten
(به زور / به سختى ميبازد)

⚜️Before they go in for / enter a competition, athletes train hard. They probably attend/do at least five training sessions a week.

✅go in for / enter a competition
(در مسابقه شركت كردن)

✅train hard
(سخت اموزش ميبينند)

✅attend/do training sessions
(شركت در جلسات اموزشى)

⚜️They are likely to gain/get a place in the next stage/ round of the competition. Of course, a sports person’s ultimate aim is to break the world record in their sport. If they succeed, they set a new world record and become a world record holder.

✅put up a fight
(مقاومت كردن)

✅gain/get a place
(جايگاهى به دست اوردن)

✅next stage/ round of the competition
(دور بعدى رقابت)

✅break the world record
(شکستن رکورد جهانی)

✅set a new world record
(ثبت رکورد جدید)

✅world record holder
(ركورد دار جهان بودن)

⚜️They are sure to come up against fierce/intense competition as they try to achieve their ambitions. Sometimes they are satisfied if they just achieve a personal best.

✅come up against fierce/intense competition
(در برابر رقابت شدید قرار میگیرند)

✅try to achieve their ambitions
(تلاش برای رسیدن به ارزوها)

✅achieve a personal best
(بهترین خود را کسب کردن)

⚜️Some sports people so desperately want to win that they take drugs to enhance their performance. This will be discovered when they fail a drugs test.

✅desperately want
(عاجزانه میخواند)

✅take drugs
(مواد مصرف میکنند)

✅enhance their performance
(عملکرد خود را بهتر کنند)

✅fail a drugs test
(در ازمایش دوپینگ رد میشوند)

[/private]

⚜️Football

You can play or have a (football) match / game (of football). It might be a home or an away match depending on whether you’re playing on your team’s home ground or not.

✅play or have a (football) match
(فوتبال بازی کردن)

✅home match
(بازی خانگی)

✅away match
(بازی خارج از خانه)

The aim is to score a goal. Players may tackle an opponent to try to take possession of the ball .

If you tackle in an illegal way, you foul your opponent.

✅score a goal
(گل زدن)

✅tackle an opponent
(نقش بر زمین کردن حریف)

✅take possession of the ball
(تصاحب توپ)

✅foul
(خطا کردن)

This will lead to the referee blowing his whistle and an opponent taking a penalty or taking a free kick. If someone isn’t playing very well the manager may decide to drop the player from the team or bring on a substitut. Both teams hope that they will have taken the lead by half-time.

✅referee blowing his whistle
(داور سوتش را بزند)

✅taking a penalty
(پنالتی بگیرد)

✅drop the player from the team
(بازیکن را از تیم کنار بگذارد)

✅bring on a substitut
(جایگزین بیاورد/ تعویض کند)

✅taken the lead
(بازی را به دست بگیرند/ جلو بیوفتند)

[/private]

✅ catch
a cold, the flu, a chill, pneumonia
(سرماخوردگی، انفلوانزا، لرز، ذات الریه گرفتن)

?I got soaking wet and caught a cold.

✅ contract [formal] a disease, malaria, typhoid
(به بیماری، مالاریا، حصبه مبتلا شدن)

?Uncle Jess contracted malaria while he was working in Africa.

✅ develop [formal] (lung/breast) cancer, diabetes, AIDS, arthritis, Alzheimer’s disease
(مبتلا شدن به بیماری سرطان ریه/سینه، دیابت، ایدز، ارتریت، الزایمر)

?My grandfather developed Alzheimer’s disease and could no longer remember things or recognise people.

✅ suffer from
asthma, hay fever, backache
(رنج بردن از اسم، زکام بهاره، کمردرد)

? She has suffered from asthma all her life.

✅ have an attack of
bronchitis, asthma, hay fever
(دچار حمله ی برونشیت، آسم، حساسیت شدید شدن)

? She had an attack of hay fever and was sneezing non-stop.

✅ be diagnosed with lung/breast) cancer, AIDS, leukaemia, autism
(تشخیص داده شدن سرطان ریه/سینه، ایدز، سرطان خون، اوتیسم)

? He was diagnosed with lung cancer and died a year later.

✅ suffer / sustain [formal] (major/minor/serious/head) injuries
(رنج بردن از صدمات شدید، ضعیف، جدی سر)

? The driver sustained serious head injuries in the crash.

[/private]

✅ Do you take regular vigorous exercise?
(ورزش کردن به صورت مداوم و پرشدت)

✅ Do you eat a balanced diet?
(رژیم غذایی متعادل)

✅ Do you care about healthy eating?
(غذای سالم خوردن)

✅ Do you follow a personal fitness programme?
(دنبال کردن برنامه ورزشی شخصی)

✅ Do you always stick to your programme?
(به برنامه چسبیدن، پایبند بودن)

✅ In general, have you kept fit over the last two years?
(متناسب ماندن)

[/private]

My poor friend Gina is terminally ill. [She will die soon.] She suffers excruciating/unbearable pain most of the time. Apparently it’s an incurable illness that runs in her family.

Dave annoys everyone at work. He takes days off even for the most trivial/minor ailments.

✅ terminally ill
(مبتلا به بیماری لاعلاج)

✅ suffers excruciating/unbearable pain
(درد شدیدی را تحمل کردن)

✅ incurable illness
(بیماری لاعلاج )

✅ trivial/minor ailments
(بیماری جزئی)

It’s a serious illness, but probably not life-threatening.

For a few days it was acutely/intensely painful, but now it’s just a dull ache. My doctor prescribed me some tablets and they relieved/alleviated the pain.

✅ serious illness
(بیماری جدی)

✅ life-threatening
(خطرناک)

✅ acutely/intensely painful
(به شدت دردناک )

✅ dull ache
(درد خفیف در سینه)

✅ prescribed some tablets
(تعدادی قرص تجویز کرد)

✅ relieved/alleviated the pain
(درد را تسکین داد )

Cora was taken ill the other day. She’s in hospital. They’re not sure what it is yet.

I had a heavy cold and a splitting headache, so I wasn’t in a good mood. [the opposite of a heavy cold is a slight cold]

✅ taken ill
(بیمار شده)

✅ heavy cold
(سرماخوردگی شدید)

✅ splitting headache
(سردرد وحشتناک )

✅ slight cold
(سرماخوردگی خفیف)

[/private]

What’s the best way to use the Internet for your research? Here’s our quick guide:

A good place to start is by looking at a definition of your topic or your essay question and making a note of any keywords. Use those to do a web search and start reading through the results.

✅ A good place to start
(جای خوبی برای شروع)

✅ making a note
(نت برداری کردن)

✅ keywords
(کلمات کلیدی )

✅ web search
(جستجوی وب)

You may not find what you need first time, but there are a lot of online resources to help you search effectively. For example, many search engines have ‘hints and tips’ pages which show you how to use them more efficiently and this can help you to refine your search .

It’s important to evaluate sites critically , so check who wrote the information and when.

✅ online resources
(منابع انلاین)

✅ hints and tips
(نکات و راهنمایی ها)

✅ refine your search
(جست و جوی خود را اصلاح کنید)

✅ evaluate sites
(ارزیابی کردن سایت ها)

One way to access reliable information is to subscribe to online journals to get more information on specific topics such as medicine, science etc.You can often search by keyword in back issues to find older articles that might be relevant.

And remember, once you’ve found information you want to use, don’t just copy and paste it into your essay! You will need to rewrite the information in your own words. Be sure you keep a record of the source so you can reference it correctly in your work.

✅ access reliable information
(دسترسی به منابع مورد اطمینان)

✅ subscribe to online journals
(عضو شدن در دریافت منطم ژورنال های انلاین)

✅ search by keyword
(جستجو با کلمه کلیدی)

✅ back issues
(نسخه قدیمی مجلات و روزنامه ها)

✅ keep a record of
(ثبت و یادداشت کردن‌)

[/private]

for computer security:

• Make sure you install anti-virus software.

This will protect your computer from viruses. Some anti-virus products will also help to block spam.

Update your anti-virus program regularly to make sure you are always protected against the latest threats.

✅ install anti-virus software
(ویروس کش نصب کنید)

✅ block spam
(مانع اسپم شود)

✅ Update regularly
(به طور منظم به روز رسانی کنید)

• Never click on a link or open an attachment in an email if you do not know the person who sent it.

• Only download free applications from companies that you trust. Some apps contain malware which could allow someone to hack into your computer and steal personal information such as passwords or bank details.

✅ open an attachment
(فایل پیوست را باز کردن)

✅ download applications
(دانلود نرم افزار)

✅ hack into your computer
(کامپیوترتان را هک کند)

• Always back up your files and any documents (such as notes and assignments) you are working on. You can upload your files to a cloud storage system or use a memory stick. This means if your computer crashes and you lose your files, you will always have another copy.

✅ back up your files
(بک اپ گرفتن از فایل هایتان)

✅ upload your files
(بارگذاری فایل هایتان)

✅ cloud storage
(فضای ذخیره ی ابری)

✅ memory stick
(کارت حافظه)

✅ computer crashes
(از کار افتادن سیستم)

[/private]

(جایگزین های مناسب do و get)

✅do an exam

I have to sit/take an exam in biology at the end of term.
(امتحان دادن)

✅do research, do a research project

Our class carried out / conducted a research project into the history of our school.
(تحقیق کردن)

✅do a course

I decided to enrol on / take a course in Computer programming.
(در یک دوره ثبت نام کردن/ برداشتن یک دوره)

✅do a degree/diploma

She studied for / took a degree in Engineering.
(مدرک تحصیلی گرفتن در رشته ی…)

✅do a subject (e.g. law)

I studied/took history and economics in high school.
(واحد درسی برداشتن مثلا تاریخ برداشتن)

(جایگزین های مناسب do و get)

✅do an essay/assignment

All students have to write an essay/assignment at the end of term.
(تکلیف/مقاله/انشا نوشتن)

✅do a lecture/talk

Professor Parkinson gave a lecture on the American Civil War.
(سخنرانی کرد)

✅get a degree/diploma

He obtained / was awarded a diploma in Town Planning in 2010.
(دیپلم گرفت)

✅get a grade

Her essay received / was given an A-grade.
(نمره ی A گرفتن)

✅get a qualification

You will need to obtain/acquire a qualification in social work.
(صلاحیت کسب کردن)

✅get an education

The country is poor; only 27% of children receive a basic education.
(تحصیل کردن)

[/private]

[private] Look at these conversations between a teacher and students. Note how the teacher uses more formal collocations to repeat what each student says.Look at these conversations between a teacher and students. Note how the teacher uses more formal collocations to repeat what each student says.

(جملات B نسبت به جملات A رسمی تر هستند)

✅A:Do we have to go to all the lectures to do the course or just yours?
(به همه سخنرانی ها برویم)
(دوره را بگذرانیم)

B:You must attend all the lectures to complete the course.
(در همه سخنرانی ها حضور داشته باشید)
(دوره را کامل کنید)

✅A:Excuse me. Where will next week’s class be? In this room?
B:No. Next week’s class will be held in Room 405.
(برگزار میشود در…)

[/private]

Do you keep a vocabulary notebook? It’s a good way of recording new collocations.

I did the first draft of my essay last week and the final draft this week. I have to hand it in tomorrow. Then the teacher gives us feedback after about a week.

✅keep a notebook
(نگه داشتن یک دفتر یادداشت)

✅first draft
(اولین پیشنویس)

✅final draft
(اخرین پیشنویس)

✅gives us feedback
(بازخورد کارمان را میدهد)

We don’t have exams at my school. We have continuous assessment. [system where the quality of a student’s work is judged by pieces of course work and not by one final examination] The local technical college provides training for young people in a variety of professions.
After secondary school, 30% of the population go on to higher/tertiary education, and 20% of adults do some sort of further education course during their lives.
Does your government recognise foreign qualifications for school teachers?

✅continuous assessment
(ارزشیابی مستمر)

✅provides training
(اموزش میدهد)

✅higher/tertiary education
(تحصیلات دانشگاهی)

✅further education
(اموزش تکمیلی (که در دانشگاه نیست))

✅recognise qualifications
(تشخیص صلاحیت)

[/private]

Don’t forget that body language is really important too. Try to stand (or sit) up straight as you talk. You might want to use a few hand gestures to help emphasise your point.

• Look at the audience. You should make eye contact with about five or six different people. (But don’t maintain eye contact with one person for too long!)

✅body language
(زبان بدن)

✅stand (or sit) up straight
(صاف بایستید/بنشینید)

✅hand gestures
(حرکات دست)

✅make eye contact
(ارتباط چشمی برقرار کردن)

✅maintain eye contact
(ارتباط چشمی را حفظ کردن)

If you feel nervous, breathe deeply. This will also help you to speak clearly. Your tone of voice is important and you will be easier to understand if you sound calm.

✅breathe deeply
(زبان بدن)

✅speak clearly
(صاف بایستید/بنشینید)

✅tone of voice
(تن صدا)

Even people who are used to public speaking can feel nervous about dealing with questions after a presentation. The best way is to listen carefully and be honest if you don’t know the answer!

• If you prepare handouts, it’s better to give them out at the end so the audience focuses on you, rather than the handouts.

✅public speaking
(صخنرانی در عموم)

✅dealing with questions
(یا سوالات کنار بیایید)

✅listen carefully
(با دقت گوش دهید)

✅prepare handouts
(جزوه ها/ برگه ها را اماده کردن)

[/private]

Clear visual aids are a great way to make/have an impact on your audience. Using PowerPoint slides or other presentation software can create a very effective presentation.

✅visual aids
(کمک بصری-مثل تصویر، اسلایدو…)

✅make/have an impact on your audience
(روی حضار تاثیر بگذارید )

✅PowerPoint slides
(اسلایدهای پاورپوینت)

✅presentation software
(نرم افزار سخنرانی و ارائه)

✅effective presentation
(سخنرانی تاثیرگزار)

[/private]

✅fulfilling job
(شغل کامل و راضی کننده)

✅a demanding job
(کار پرتنش و پر مسئولیت )

✅a steady job
(کار دائمی)

✅a highpowered job
(یک شغل مهم و با نفوذ)

✅to carry out work
(انجام دادن/ عملی کردن کار)

✅to complete work
(کار را به اتمام رساندن/ کامل کردن )

✅to supervise work to
(نظارت کردن روی کار برای..)

✅work closely with
(همکاری نزدیک داشتن با)

✅available to start work
(در دسترس بودن برای شروع کار)

✅to take on work
(مسئولیت کار را بر عهده گرفتن)

✅to have a career in (medicine)
(کار/حرفه داشتن در (پزشکی))

✅her career lasted …
(کار او (مثلا تا دوسال) دوام داشت )

✅a brilliant career
(یک حرفه عالی/ درخشان)

✅to climb the career ladder
(بالا رفتن از پله های ترقی شغلی)

a promising career
(شغل اینده دار)

✅a career takes off
(یک حرفه شروع به موفقیت میکند )

✅at the height/peak of your career
(در قله ی حرفه ی خود بودن)

✅to wreck/ruin someone’s career
(زندگی حرفه ای کسی را خراب کردن)

✅to embark on a career
(شروع کردن یک حرفه)

[/private]

✅have experience in
(تجربه داشتن در)

✅good team player
(خوب بودن در کار تیمی)

✅stimulating working environment
(محیط کاری مهیج)

✅integral part of a close team
(بخش جدایی ناپذیر از یک تیم صمیمی)

✅ job satisfaction
(رضایت شغلی)

✅generous benefits
(مزایای اضافه)

✅Vacancy must be filled
(فرصت شغلی باید پر شود)

[/private]

Bella has a job as a PA. Basically her role is to take charge of her boss, who is not a very organised person, and make sure nothing goes wrong. She makes appointments for her boss and she makes sure he keeps his appointments.

✅take charge of
(مسئولیت… را به عهده گرفتن)

✅ organised person
(شخص منظم)

✅makes appointments
(قرار ملاقات کاری تنظیم میکند)

✅keeps his appointments
(قرارش را حفظ کند)

She spends a lot of time answering the phone and fielding telephone calls on his behalf. When her boss has to travel, she makes the reservations for him. When her boss has to give a presentation, she makes all the preparations that are required, including making photocopies of any papers that he needs.

✅answering the phone
(تلفن جواب دادن)

✅ fielding telephone calls
(همه تلفن ها را خودش انجام‌ میدهد و فقظ ضروری ها را برای رئیسش نگه میدارد)

✅makes the reservations
(رزروها را انجام میدهد)

✅give a presentation
(سخنرانی انجام دهد)

✅making photocopies of any papers
(کپی هر برگه را میگیرد)

She arranges meetings for him and she takes the minutes at the meetings. Bella is a very well-organised person. She keeps a record of everything she does at work and sets herself targets.

✅arranges meetings
(جلسات را تنظیم میکند)

✅ takes the minutes
(جلسات را به صورت رسمی ضبط میکند و نگه میدارد)

✅well-organised person
(شخص خیلی منظم)

✅keeps a record
(یادداشت میکند/ ثبت میکند)

She does her best to achieve her goals. Every morning she makes a list of everything she needs to do. Today the first thing on her list is ‘Hand in my notice’! But she’s not going to take early retirement. She’s got a new job where she will be the boss and will have her own PA.

✅achieve her goals
(به اهدافش دست پیدا کند)

✅ makes a list
(یک لیست درست میکند)

✅Hand in my notice
(رئیسش را باخبر میکند که نمیخواهد دیگر برایش کار کند)

✅take early retirement
(پیش از موقع خود را بازنشست کند)

[/private]

Interviewer:

When did you first go into business?

Jeffries:

I set up a small business selling office equipment in 2001. Then in 2003, I went into partnership with my old friend, Ethan Smith. We made a loss for the first two years, but then things got better and we’ve made a profit for most years ever since. But there have been bad times, too.

✅go into business
(وارد بازار کار شدن)

✅ set up a small business
(راه اندازی یک کسب و کار کوچک)

✅went into partnership
(شریک شدن)

✅made a loss
(ضرر دادن)

✅made a profit
(سود کردن)

Interviewer:

In what way?

Jeffries:

Well, during the economic recession, a lot of small businesses were going under, and I thought our business would fold. All around us, small firms were going bankrupt. But in 2010 we won a contract, despite stiff competition, to supply the local government offices. That was an important moment for us.

✅businesses were going under
(کسب وکارها ورشکست میشدند)

✅ our business would fold
(کسب و کار ما ورشکسته میشد)

✅going bankrupt
(ورشکست شدن)

✅won a contract
(قرارداد را برنده شدن)

✅stiff competition
(رقابت شدید)

We took on staff and expanded. We were proud that we had created jobs for local people at a time when unemployment was high. Our sales figures improved steadily and soon we had an annual turnover of more than eighteen million pounds.

✅took on staff
(کارمند استخدام کردیم)

✅ expanded
(کار را گسترش دادیم)

✅created jobs
(اشتغال ایجاد کردن)

✅sales figures
(امار و ارقام فروش)

✅annual turnover
(درامد سالیانه)

So what’s the secret of your success?

Well, we’re quite cautious. For instance, we always carry out market research before launching a new product. But we also firmly believe in customer service, especially after-sales service. But at the end of the day, running a successful business is a combination of hard work, luck and intuition.
Finally, there are rumours that you may float the company on the stock market. At the moment we have no intention of going public . People shouldn’t believe
everything they read online!

✅secret of your success
(راز کسب و کارتان)

✅ carry out market research
(بازار سنجی کردن)

✅launching a new product
(محصول جدیدی را به بازار معرفی کردن)

✅after-sales service
(خدمات پس از فروش)

✅running a successful business
(اداره یک کسب و کار موفق)

✅float the company
(پولی را شناور گذاشتن/ مشارکت دادن)

✅going public
(سهامی عام شدن)

[/private]

Owing to the economic crisis, many small firms ceased trading.

There is cut-throat competition in the music industry these days.

Market forces have caused many factories to close as businesses move overseas.

Our local bakery has gone out of business. Most people buy their bread at the supermarket these days.

✅ceased trading
(کسب و کار خود را بستند)

✅ cut-throat competition
(رقابت خیلی شدید)

✅Market forces
(نیروهای بازار)

✅gone out of business
(از کار بیکار شدن)

Business is booming for Internet-based travel companies as most people book travel online.

She resigned and went to work for a rival company.

We did/struck a deal with the vendor of the house and got a 15% discount on the price.

It’s quite difficult sometimes to balance the budget because of increased costs.

Our company have put in a bid for the new leisure centre contract. [offered to do the work for a particular amount of money]

✅Business is booming
(کسب و کار در حال رونق است)

✅ rival company
(شرکت رقیب)

✅did/struck a deal
(معامله ای انجام دادیم)

✅balance the budget
(بودجه را به تعادل برسانیم)

✅put in a bid
(قیمت پیشنهاد دادن)

[/private]

In 1998, Lucas Georgescu published the results of his groundbreaking research on genetics. His latest paper also makes a significant contribution to the field. He sets out some powerful arguments which will shape our thinking for years to come.

✅groundbreaking research
(تحقیقات پیشگامانه)

✅ makes a significant contribution
(کمک قابل توجهی میکند)

✅sets out
(با جزئیات بیان کردن)

✅powerful arguments
(استدلال های محکم و قدرتمند)

✅shape our thinking
(تفکر مارا شکل میدهد)

In this latest book, Marina Kass gives an account of Karl Marx’s philosophy and provides evidence to support the claim that Garpov seriously misinterpreted Marx. In addition, the book offers a concise summary of the present state of Marxist philosophy.

✅gives an account of
(مفصل توضیح میدهد)

✅ provides evidence
(شواهد و مدارک ارائه میکند)

✅support the claim
(ادعایی که کرده را اثبات میکند)

✅a concise summary
(یک خلاصه ای مختصر)

Partridge strenuously defends her theory, which has come under attack recently in several journals. She argues that the Prime Minister played a central role in the political crisis of 1811, and goes into great detail to support her argument.

✅strenuously defends
(قاطعانه دفاع میکند)

✅ come under attack
(مورد انتقاد شدید قرار گرفت)

✅played a central role
(نقش مهم و محوری را بازی میکرد)

✅goes into great detail
(به جزئیات میپردازد)

Nathan Peel attempts to establish a connection between mobile phone use and physical damage to users’ brains, but he does not offer irrefutable proof and the statistics do not show any significant trends.

✅establish a connection between
(ایجاد یک ارتباط بین)

✅ irrefutable proof
(اثبات انگار ناپذیر)

✅significant trends
(روند های قابل توجه)

[/private]

Strong expressions of opinion:

The invention of the steam engine was the key factor in the birth of the industrial revolution. The events of 1954 are a perfect example of how political leaders make misjudgements that have serious long-term effects.
This is a clear illustration of the importance of a strong monetary policy.

Less strong expressions of opinion:

The figures offer a tentative explanation of the causes of acid rain pollution. [an explanation given by someone who is not totally certain that it is the correct explanation] The statistics broadly support the view that the economy is heading towards recession.

✅key factor
(عامل کلیدی)

✅ perfect example
(مثال خیلی خوب)

✅clear illustration
(توضیح قابل فهم)

✅tentative explanation
(توضیح احتمالی، غیر قطعی)

✅ broadly support
(به صورت گسترده حمایت میکند)

[/private]

There is a strong tendency in the work of some linguists to suggest that spoken language is inferior to written language.

We must first gather evidence, then carry out a detailed study of all the factors that play a part in social conditioning.

✅strong tendency
(گرایش شدید)

✅ gather evidence
(مدرک جمع اوری کردن)

✅carry out study
(پژوهشی را انجام دادن)

✅play a part
(نقش داشتن)

You cannot expect your claim to be accepted if you cannot offer supporting evidence.

Simon Hart challenges the theory of social change put forward by Professor Kemp.

It is important in academic writing always to acknowledge your sources. If you fail to do this, you will commit plagiarism. [use another person’s idea or a part of their work and pretend that it is your own]

✅supporting evidence
(مدارک پشتیبانی کننده)

✅ challenges the theory
(نظریه را زیرسوال میبرد)

✅acknowledge your sources
(منابع خود را ذکر کنید)

✅plagiarism
(سرقت ادبی)

[/private]

Here are some useful collocations for organising one’s arguments.

Adverbs in English fall into two main categories: those ending in –ly (e.g. softly) and those with other endings (e.g. well ).
In this chapter, I draw a distinction between societies where democracy has developed slowly and those where it came about quickly or suddenly.
But we also need to take into consideration the economic history of Latin America as a whole.

✅ fall into categories
(به دسته های متفاوت تقسیم میشوند)

✅ draw a distinction between
(تمایز قائل شدن بین)

✅take into consideration
(در نظر گرفتن)

Later, I shall make reference to the work of Georgi Perelmutter, a leading figure in the field of zoology.

Chapter raises important questions about the need for transport planning in rapidly growing urban environments. It also touches on issues such as pollution.

This chapter makes a case for re-examining the assassination of President Kennedy in the light of evidence which has emerged since 1963.

✅ make reference
(ارجاع دادن/ رفرنس دادن)

✅ raises questions
(سوالاتی را مطرح میکند)

✅ touches on issues
(به مسائلی میپردازد)

✅makes a case
(استدلالی را بیان میکند)

[/private]

Look at these extracts from university lectures and note the collocations.

Many studies have attempted to assess the significance of diet in the prevention of cancer.

Wastov lays emphasis on examining the vital first three years of a child’s development.

These statistics lend support to the view that attitudes to the environment are changing fundamentally.

Some economists hold firmly to the belief that a certain level of unemployment is inevitable.

✅ assess the significance
(ارزیابی تاثیر)

✅ lays emphasis on
(تاکید میکند بر)

✅ lend support to
(پشتیبانی میکنند از)

✅hold firmly to
(اعتقاد محکم دارند به)

[/private]

The book The Eye of the Universe draws an analogy between the birth of the universe and a lottery. It also draws parallels between the formation of new stars and the birth and death of flowers. It presents the case for a complete rethinking of how we understand space. The author, Patrick Rivaux, puts forward the argument that the universe is as it is because we humans are here looking at it.

✅ draws an analogy
(قیاس میکند)

✅ draws parallels
(شباهت دو چیز را نشان میدهد)

✅ presents the case for
(ارائه میکند کیس را برای)

✅puts forward the argument
(استدلال را مطرح میکند)

The author takes up / adopts the position that the universe cannot have any beginning or end, and states his opinion that we can never understand the universe using the human ideas of time and space. He argues convincingly that the universe has a unique nature. He draws attention to new research which suggests that other universes may also exist alongside ours.

✅ takes up / adopts the position
(این جایگاه را بر عهده میگیرد که)

✅ states his opinion
(عقیده اش را بیان میکند)

✅ argues convincingly
(به صورت قانع کننده بحث میکند)

✅draws attention to
(تاکید میکند بر)

✅draws attention to
(تاکید میکند بر)

He briefly summarises the views of leading physicists and mathematicians, disagrees profoundly with some of them and draws the conclusion that science alone cannot solve the mystery of the universe.

✅ briefly summarises
(مختصرا خلاصه میکند)

✅ disagrees profoundly
(عمیقا مخالف است)

✅ draws the conclusion
(نتیجه گیری کردن)

[/private]

✅carry out an investigation
(انجام دادن تحقیقات)

Police are carrying out an investigation into a major theft in a factory in Woodvale.

✅appear in court
(حاضر شدن در دادگاه)

The trial starts today but the witnesses will be appearing in court tomorrow.

✅go on trial
(محاکمه شود)

George Arthur Lode, accused of murdering his wife, went on trial today.

✅ reach a verdict
(تصمیم گرفتن قاضی یا هیئت منصفه برای حکم)
The jury are expected to take several days to reach a verdict.

✅ a fair trial
(حکم عادلانه)
It now seems impossible that Harold Graves can receive a fair trial, given the media publicity surrounding his case.

✅ be severely punished
(سخت مجازات شوند)
That judge believes that all shoplifters should be severely punished.

✅ pay/face a heavy fine
(جریمه سنگین پرداخت کردن)

People who park on double yellow lines face a heavy fine.

✅ face the death penalty
(با مجازات اعدام مواجه شدن)

If he is found guilty of murder, he will have to face the death penalty.

✅ act as a deterrent
(به عنوان بازدارنده عمل میکند)

People often support the death penalty because they say it acts as a deterrent.

✅ suffer the consequences
(از عواقبش رنج ببرد)

Anyone who commits a crime has to suffer the consequences.

✅ a harsh penalty/sentence
(حکم سنگین)

Some judges are more likely to give harsh sentences than others.

✅ a hard legal battle
(مبارزه سخت حقوقی)

After a hard legal battle, she won compensation for the accident.

✅ win a case
(پرونده را برنده شدن)

You will need a very good lawyer if you are going to have any hope of winning your case.

[/private]

The new law forbids/prohibits smoking in all public places. [the law does not allow]

The rules permit/allow members to bring guests into the club only at weekends.

These rules/regulations apply to all students, not just new ones. [the rules are for]

✅ law forbids/prohibits
(قانون منع میکند/ ممنوع میکند )

✅ rules permit/allow
(قانون اجازه میدهد)

✅ rules/regulations apply to
(قانون اعمال میشود)

If we follow the rules, at least 20 people must be present at the meeting. [do what the rules say]

The regulations require/stipulate that all students must register for the course. [formal: the rules say that]

We have to comply with the regulations concerning the testing of equipment. [formal: do what the rules say]

I hope we can bend the rules and let her take the exam on another day. [informal: break the rules in a way that is not considered important]

✅ follow the rules
(قانون را دنبال کردن )

✅ regulations require/stipulate
(مقررات نیازمند … است)

✅ comply with the regulations
(رعایت مقررات)

✅ bend the rules
(سرپیچی از قوانین و قانون را به صورت دیگری به نفع خود تفسیر کردن)

[/private]

We must all observe the law at all times. [formal]

People who refuse to obey the law should be punished. [less formal]

A new law has been introduced/passed forbidding the use of mobile phones while driving.

The company acted within the law as regards the rights of its employees. [formal]

It is the job of the police to uphold/enforce the law. [make sure that people obey the law]

✅ obey/observe the LAW
(از قانون پیروی کردن)

✅ pass the LAW
(قانونی را تصویب کردن)

✅ uphold/enforce the LAW
(اجرا کردن قانون)

✅break the LAW
(شکستن قانون)

✅ act within the LAW
(عمل در چهارچوب قانون)

✅ introduce the LAW
(معرفی کردن قانون)

✅ respect the LAW
(احترام به قانون)

[/private]

The Judge, Mr Newell, said that Hickey was a hardened criminal who had committed 12 serious offences. He ordered that Hickey should serve a sentence of at least 15 years in prison.

✅ hardened criminal
(مجرم با تجربه )

✅ committed offences
(مرتکب جرم شدن)

✅ serve a sentence
(حکم گذراندن -مثلا حبس گذراندن-)

The lawyer for the prosecution, Mr Arthur Larchwood, stated that Henry Banks was already a convicted criminal when he was appointed chairman of the company but that nobody knew this fact. He had a conviction for robbery dating back to 1996.
The Justice Minister said that the men were not political prisoners but were common criminals who had committed acts of terrorism.

✅ convicted criminal
(مجرم محکوم شده )

✅ conviction for robbery
(محکوم به دزدی)

✅ political prisoners
(زندانی های سیاسی)

✅ common criminals
(مجرم معمولی)

✅ acts of terrorism
(اقدامات تروریستی)

The lawyer for the prosecution, Mr Arthur Larchwood, stated that Henry Banks was already a convicted criminal when he was appointed chairman of the company but that nobody knew this fact. He had a conviction for robbery dating back to 1996.
The Justice Minister said that the men were not political prisoners but were common criminals who had committed acts of terrorism.

✅ convicted criminal
(مجرم محکوم شده )

✅ conviction for robbery
(محکوم به دزدی)

✅ political prisoners
(زندانی های سیاسی)

✅ common criminals
(مجرم معمولی)

✅ acts of terrorism
(اقدامات تروریستی)

The judge said it was vital that anyone with a criminal record should not be able to get a job where large sums of money were placed in their care. Charles Amworth, 26, had served two years in a prison for young offenders ten years ago before working for the bank.

✅ criminal record
(سوئ پیشینه کیفری)

✅ served two years in a prison
(دو سال حکم زندانش را گذراند)

✅ young offenders
(زندانی های جوان)

[/private]

“In the fight against crime we will not just target serious crime, but all crime, including street crime and vehicle crime, so that the streets will be safer for everyone.”

✅ fight against…
(مبارزه علیه…)

✅ serious crime
(جرم سنگین)

✅ street crime
(جرم خیابانی)

✅ vehicle crime
(جرم مربوط به سرقت از خودرو)

“If someone breaks into your house, steals your car, or robs you in the street, then of course you feel society has let you down. That’s why we’re determined to tackle crime.”

✅ breaks into your house
(به زور وارد خانه شما شود)

✅ steals your car
(ماشینتان را بدزدد)

✅ robs you in the street
(در خیابان از شما دزدی کند)

✅ tackle crime
(مقابله با جنایت)

“We are doing everything in our power to combat crime. The crime rate has come down, and that is because we have put 10,000 more police officers on the streets and focused on juvenile crime, because that is where the problem begins.”

“This government is doing very little to fight crime. We have all had some experience of the recent crime wave in our cities, whether it is petty crime or more serious offences.”

✅ combat crime
(مقابله کردن با جرم و جنایت)

✅ crime rate
(نرخ جنایت)

✅ juvenile crime
(جرم نوجوانانه)

✅ crime wave
(موج جرم و جنایت)

✅ petty crime
(جرم کوچک و جزئی)

“The crime figures are the worst since 1995. We have had a spate of burglaries in this part of the city, vehicle theft, drug abuse and so on, and police have reported a staggering increase in the number of acts of mindless vandalism. It is time the party in power did something.”

✅ crime figures
(امار جرم و جنایت)

✅a spate of burglaries
(موجی از سرقت)

✅ vehicle theft
(سرقت ماشین)

✅ drug abuse
(سو استفاده از مواد مخدر)

✅ staggering increase
(افزایش سرسام اور)

✅ mindless vandalism
(خرابکاری جاهلانه)

[/private]

✅ spend money (on)

give money as payment for something
(پول خرج کردن)

?Juan spends a lot of money on travelling.

✅ save money

keep money for use in the future
(پس انداز کردن پول)

?We’re saving a little money each month to buy a new car next year.

✅ waste/squander money (on)

spend money in a bad way; squander is stronger and is only used about large sums of money

(هدر دادن پول روی.. )

?Sara wasted/squandered all her money on clothes and fast cars.

✅ throw money at

spend a lot of money, possibly more than necessary, trying to solve a problem
(پول زیاد وسط گذاشتن برای حل مشکلی)

? The government think they can solve the problem by throwing money at it.

✅ donate money (to)

give money to help society in some way
(پول اهدا کردن)

? The business donates a lot of money each year to charity.

✅ change money

exchange one currency for another, e.g. dollars for euros
(ارز تبدیل کردن )

? You can change some money at the airport.

✅ throw money around

spend money in an obvious and careless way on unnecessary things
(پول هدر دادن )

? If Jim keeps on throwing his money around like that, he soon won’t have any left.

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Many collocations including the word price are connected with height. Prices can be high or low. If they are very low, they may be called (usually by advertisers) rock-bottom prices. Prices may increase, prices go up and prices rise.

✅ high price
(قیمت بالا)

✅ low price
(قیمت پایین)

✅ rock-bottom prices
(کف قیمت، قیمت بسیار پایین)

✅ Prices increase / go up / rise
(افزایش یافتن قیمت)

If they go up very fast we say that prices soar. Occasionally prices go down. If you say that something is reasonably priced, you think it is neither too cheap nor too expensive. Calling something a ridiculous price may mean it is much too cheap or much too expensive.

✅ prices soar
(قیمت ها اوج میگیرند)

✅ prices go down
(قیمت ها کم میشوند)

✅ reasonably priced
(قیمت گذاری معقول)

✅ ridiculous price
(قیمت نامعقول(یا خیلی پایین یا خیلی بالا))

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Henry and his brother grew up in a family where money was always tight. Henry hoped that when he was grown-up, money would be never be in short supply for him. Henry’s brother only wanted a steady income but Henry wasn’t interested in just earning a good salary, he wanted to make big money, to be seriously rich.

✅ money was tight
(مبلغ کمی پول داشتن)

✅ in short supply
(در کمبود)

✅ steady income
(درامد دائم)

✅ big money
(پول خیلی زیاد)

✅ seriously rich
(بسیار ثروتمند)

He started making money at school when he sold the sandwiches his mother had made him to other children. He also worked in his school holidays to earn money. He put this money in a bank account and hardly ever made a withdrawal from it. When he left school, he raised enough money through the bank to buy his first shop.

✅ making money
(پول دراوردن)

✅ earn money
(کسب درامد)

✅ made a withdrawal
(برادشت کردن پول)

✅ raised enough money
(پول کافی جمع کردن)

He got a really good deal because he found a shop that was going cheap. By the time he was twenty he had already made a small fortune though, of course, most of his money was tied up in his business.

✅ got a really good deal
(معامله خیلی خوبی داشت)

✅ going cheap
(کم قیمت تر از معمول)

✅ small fortune
(ثروت کم)

✅ money was tied up
(پولش گیر بود)

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